Ezweni le-cosmos kukhona uhlobo lwe-nebula olubizwa ngokuthi umthala we-markarin Kulelo qoqo lezinto eziyisisekelo, umusi nothuli ziyakhishwa njengamanje, obekuthi, ukube bezigcinwe endaweni yazo, bekuzosetshenziswa ukunikeza imbobo emnyama enonya igesi nothuli okudingayo ukuze kugcinwe ukukhula kwakho okuthukuthele. Lo mphumela omkhulu wothuli negesi yasezulwini ngendlela efanayo ukhawulela izinto ezingase zisetshenziselwe umthala we-Markarin ukwenza ukukhiqizwa okusha kwezinkanyezi.
Okuphuma ku-Markarian Galaxy
La i-galaxy I-markarian inezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezibuye zibe namagama afanayo noma ahambisana nayo, okuyilezi:
UMarkarian 23
Lo mthala uthwetshulwe uphiko lwe-Sylvain Veilleux e-Rhodes College e-Tennessee, lapho kungatholakala khona ilabhorethri enhle kakhulu yokufunda ngokuphuma okuvelele okukhiqizwe okwesibili izimbobo ezimnyama ezinkulu kakhulu. Le ngqikithi ngokwemvelo iyimodeli engcono kakhulu neseduzane esijwayele ukujwayelana nayo emthaleni omkhulu ezigabeni zokuqeda ukusakaza okunonya kanye nenqubo yokubonisa uthando ngekhava yawo, sithola i-quasar enamandla kakhulu yedolobha.
Ngokuphathelene nalokhu okungenhla, ngokubonisa ukuthi i-Markarian 231, ingxenye yomthala we-Markarian, ifaniswa kahle kakhulu, ulwazi oludalwe endaweni yokuhlola i-Gemini lubonisa ukuba khona kokugeleza okubanzi okwenzeka kuzo zonke izimo okungenani iminyaka eyizi-8.000.ukukhanya yohambo oluya emnyombweni womthala i-Markarian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhonjisiwe lokho Umthala waseMarkarian Inezici ezihehayo eziyenza ihluke ngohlobo lwayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-Markarian 231 iqhele nge-light-year eyizigidi ezingama-600, ibheke endaweni Bhele Elikhulu. Nakuba ubukhulu bayo bungaziwa ngokuqiniseka, okunye ukulinganisa kubonisa ukuthi i-Markarian 231 inesisindo sezinkanyezi cishe esiphindwe kathathu kunomthala wethu, okungukuthi, i-Milky Way. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezici ze-Milky Way, ungathola ulwazi olwengeziwe lapha: indlela yobisi.
I-Markarian Galaxy Chain
Phakathi kwenhliziyo ye-Virgo Cluster of Galaxies kukhona lokho kwabaningi okumelela uchungechunge lwemithala enelukuluku olwethulwa njenge-Markarian Chain. Kulolu chungechunge olufanele, ungathola ezimbili ezinkulu kodwa ezishiwo kancane imithala lenticular, lezi yizona esizithatha njenge-M84 ne-M86, ezibuye zixhumane ne-spiral M88 enkulu. Le nhlangano yemithala iyisihloko esithakazelisayo sokuqonda amandla e-galactic kanye nomthelela wamandla adonsela phansi ekwakhekeni kwezakhiwo ezinkulu.
Ngalo mqondo, i-Virgo Cluster iyiqoqo eliseduze kakhulu lemithala, engaphezu kuka-2.000 yayo ingatholakala kuyo, futhi inesizinda esibalulekile samandla adonsela phansi phezu kweQembu Lendawo Lemithala eliseduze IMilky Way. Es importante mencionar que imithala emincane Futhi ziyingxenye yendawo ye-cosmic ezungeze imithala emikhulu. Esimweni semithala emincane, umuntu angabona ukuthi lezi zakhiwo ezincane zingathonya kanjani ukuvela kwemithala emikhulu.
Futhi, isikhungo se-Virgo Cluster sitholakala eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-70 yokukhanya ekuqondeni lokho okuwumlaza we-Virgo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi okungenani imithala eyisikhombisa kulolu chungechunge ikholelwa ukuthi inyakaza ngokuhambisana, nokho, eminye inomuzwa wokuthi iphakeme kakhulu lapho ngenxa yesimo esiphuthumayo.
Icala lomthala we-markarian 266
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungabonwa ngeso lengqondo emhlabeni wendawo yonke ukuthi kukhona ukumoshakala kombala nokukhanya okudlula ekusabalaliseni okwethulwa ngokuthi I-NGC 5256, osakhiwo sayo esiyinqaba sisekelwe isizathu sokuthi lona akuwona umthala owodwa, kodwa emibili, phakathi nokungqubuzana. Ngokufanayo, izimpaphe zayo ezifana nentuthu ziphonswa kuzo zonke izindawo futhi i-eksisi ekhazimulayo ikhanyisa izindawo ezingahlelekile zegesi nothuli eziqoqelwe phakathi nendawo yomthala.
Indaba eyinqaba yomthala we-markarian 177
Mayelana nalokhu okungenhla, izinto ezikhangayo zalo mthala zihambisana nalezo umgodi omkhulu omnyama oxoshwe emthaleni wawo ongumama ngemva kokuhlangana nomunye umgodi omkhulu omnyama. Kodwa i izazi zezinkanyezi Namanje abakwazi ukuhlukanisa isimo esiphuthumayo esingakhethwa, ukuthi siyinsali yenkanyezi enkulukazi engakaze ibonwe, eyakhipha okubalulekile isikhathi esirekhodiwe ngaphambi kokuba izicekele phansi ngokuqhuma kwe-supernova. Kuphakanyiswa ukuthi ukwakheka kwezinkanyezi ezintsha, njengalezo esizibona kuzo imithala, kuyinqubo eqhubekayo emthaleni i-Markarian 177.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iNyuvesi yase-United States iqinisekise ukuthi ukukhanya kwe-SDSS1133, into eyinqaba etholakala emthaleni waseMarkarian, kushintshe kancane kwaba ukukhanya okubonakalayo noma okukhanyayo okukhanyayo phakathi naso sonke isikhathi, okungelona uphawu lokuthi ngokuvamile kubonakala ensalini entsha ye- i-supernova. Ngokunjalo, noma ngabe iyini i-SDSS1133, awukwazi ukusiza kodwa uqine. Ithimba likwazile ukukuthola emibonweni yasemkhathini osekuphele iminyaka engaphezu kuka-60 ikhona.
Into engaqondakali iyingxenye ye-galaxy i-Markarian 177, esendaweni yokuqondisa umlaza i-Ursa Major. Kodwa-ke, izimbobo ezimnyama ezinkulu kakhulu zivame ukungena ezikhungweni zezinkanyezi, i-SDSS1133 itholakala endaweni engaphansi kweminyaka engu-2.600 yokukhanya ukusuka eksisi yomthala wayo owuphethe. Ngomunye umqondo, ithimba labahloli liyasola ukuthi ingqikithi eyivelakancane i-cosmic kungaba umphumela wokuhlanganiswa kwemithala emibili emincane kanye nezimbobo zayo ezimnyama ezimaphakathi.
Iziqephu ezintsha zokwakheka kwezinkanyezi zaziwumphumela wokushayisana nokuhlangana kwemithala emibili, okwashintsha izimo zayo. Ngakho-ke kuwukuthi uma umthala ngamunye unomgodi omnyama omkhulu kakhulu, yomibili iba yipheya enkabeni yomthala ohlangene owumphumela wokuhlangana, futhi lokhu kungaphela kalula ekuhlanganeni phakathi kwale mibili. izimbobo abamnyama.
Ngokufanayo, ukuhlanganisa izimbobo ezimnyama kuxosha inani elikhulu lamandla amele amaza adonsela phansi. "Ama-ripples" kukhanvasi yesikhathi sasemkhathini aphumela ngaphandle kuzo zonke izindlela ukusuka kuquqaba olulandisayo. Yebo, kokubili izimbobo abamnyama babe nobuningi obulinganayo kanye nama-spins, ukuncibilika kwabo kuzoveza amagagasi adonsela phansi ngendlela efanayo kukho konke ukulandelelwa.
Kodwa kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi izixuku nama-spins wemigodi emnyama azilingani, okuholela ekubonakalisweni kwamagagasi. amandla adonsela phansi disoriented okuzoshukumisa imbobo emnyama ku-orientation ephambene. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo zemigodi emnyama ziyisisekelo esifundweni se imithala kanye nokusebenzisana kwabo.
Kulolu hlelo lwemibono, into eseduze kakhulu ne-milky way uhlelo lwezakhi ezimbili ezinkulu i-Eta Carinae, equkethe i-Luminous Blue Variable okuhlanganisa kwayo izikhathi ezingaba ngu-90 Sol. Phakathi kuka-1838 no-1845, uhlelo lwabhekana nokuqhuma okwakhipha isamba sento ethathwe njengesisindo selanga okungenani esiyi-10, futhi lokho kwayenza yaba inkanyezi yesibili ekhanyayo esibhakabhakeni. Ukuxoshwa okuncane kwalandelwa ngawo-1890.
Icala lomthala we-markarian 817, lowo wenucleus esebenzayo noma i-AGN.
Izindandatho zezinkanyezi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezikhazimulayo zizungeza i-eksisi ekhanyayo neguqukayo yalo mthala ozungezayo, ombobo yawo emnyama ejikijela izinto endaweni yonke ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-14 ngehora. Ibonwa cishe ngqo, umthala i-markarian 817, ikhombisa izindawo zokudala ezibukhali ze izinkanyezi namabhande amnyama othuli lwasemkhathini ngasezingalweni zayo ezisaqanda. Ngokufanayo, sekuvelile ulwazi olusha olubonisa ukuphuma okunamandla kwezinto ezazingaziwa ngaphambili kulo mthala. Kuyathakazelisa ukusho ukuthi izifundo mayelana nalokhu zingasiza ukuqonda izinqubo ezifanayo kweminye imithala.
Ngokufanayo, lokhu kukhishwa kubangelwa i-disk of matter esabekayo ezungeze imbobo emnyama enkulukazi, enamandla ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyizigidi ezingu-40 kuneLanga lethu. Idiski ikhipha ingxenye i-galaxy a ngokusebenzisa imimoya enamandla, ebangelwa imifudlana yama-athomu anamandla. Okubalulekile, ezinye zalezi zihlambi zezinhlayiyana zibuyela emuva emthaleni, kodwa ezinye zibekwe endaweni ephakathi kwezinkanyezi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ososayensi bafuna ukwazi inani eliqondile lezinto eziphumayo ezihlala ku- i-galaxy nokuthi yimalini engena esikhaleni se-intergalactic. Ukufeza konke lokhu, badinga ukubhekwa okuningi okwengeziwe i-spectroscopic ukulungela okuphezulu ukuthola amarubrikhi wezinto eziphumayo, eziqukethe initrogen, initrogen nomoya-mpilo. Lokhu kuzobavumela ukuthi balungise ukwakheka, indawo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwemimoya edayisa ingxenye yomthala i-Markarian 817.