Umuthi we-mahogany ( i-Swietenia macrophylla ) ungomunye wezinhlobo ezintathu zohlobo lwe- Swietenia . Usabalala kusukela eMexico kuya eBrazil. Kulezi zinhlobo ezintathu ezaziwa ngokuthi i-mahogany yangempela, yiwona kuphela otshalwa kwezentengiselwano njengamanje futhi yiwona osakazeke kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukwethula lonke ulwazi oluhlobene nalolu hlobo lwe-mahogany. Ngiyakumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda.
Isihlahla sikaMahogany
Uma ukhuluma ngesihlahla iMahogany, umuntu angase abhekisele kolunye lwezinhlobo ezintathu zohlobo lweSwietenia , oluvela emndenini wezitshalo iMeliaceae. Kodwa-ke, lo msebenzi uzogxila kuSwietenia macrophylla, uhlobo olusabalele kakhulu eMelika, kusukela eMelika Ephakathi kuya enyakatho yeBrazil nasePeru, kanye nalolo oluthengiswa ngokuhweba njengamanje.
Lesi sihlahla sithola amagama ahlukahlukene avamile, kuye ngezwe lapho simila khona, elivame kakhulu elithi Mahogany. Amanye amagama ajwayelekile yilawa: ngesiMayan bathi Chacalté; eMexico, eMelika Ephakathi naseColombia bayibiza ngokuthi iBig Leaf Mahogany, iSouthern Mahogany, i-Atlantic Mahogany, iCáguano; eVenezuela bayibiza ngokuthi iCaoba noma i-Oruba; eBrazil balazi ngokuthi iMongno, i-Aguano ne-Araputanga, nokunye ngamanye amagama.
Kuyisihlahla esithanda ukukhula ezindaweni ezinokukhanya kwelanga okuhle, nokho, esigabeni saso sobusha sidinga umthunzi. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi ikhula kanye nezinhlobo ezinkulu zamahlathi, lapho isencane ikhula ngaphansi komthunzi okhiqizwa yilezi zihlahla ezinkulu ize ifinyelele ukuphakama okwanele ukuze ihluke ezihlahleni ezingomakhelwane.
Lokhu kuziphatha kweSihlahla seMahogany, ebusheni baso ngokuphathelene nesidingo esiphansi sokukhanya kwelanga, kufanele kucatshangelwe uma ufuna ukutshala lezi zihlahla endaweni yokunakekela izingane, ukuze zikhule kahle zize zifinyelele ebudaleni. Kusukela i-Mahogany Trees itshalwe endaweni evulekile engenazihlahla noma izakhiwo ezivimbela ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile ukuthi kufinyelele kulezi zihlahla kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi zikhula zibe mfushane.
Ngenxa yokuxhashazwa kwayo okukhulu kusukela ezikhathini zamakoloni, okwamanje uhlobo oludinga ukunakwa okukhethekile ukuze kuvikelwe inani labantu balo. AmaNgisi ahlala eBelize yiwo aqala ukuxhashazwa kwezihlahla ze-mahogany enyakatho yeGuatemala, okubangelwa ukwanda kwemboni yezinkuni ngaleso sikhathi, imboni esaqhubeka. Ngenxa yokukhishwa kwalolu hlobo ( Swietenia macrophylla ), i-IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) ilubeke "njengolusengozini."
Embonini yezinkuni, bathola amagama okuhweba e-"Honduras" Mahogany: i-Honduran Mahogany, ehlonishwa kakhulu ngobuhle nobulukhuni bezinkuni ezikhiqizwayo. Ukhuni lwawo luqinile, luqinile, lunobuhle obukhulu futhi kulula ukusebenza ngalo, okwenza lube olunye lwezinkuni ezifiseleka kakhulu futhi ezithengiswayo emkhakheni wamazwe ngamazwe wemboni yezinkuni. Emazweni afana neBrazil neBolivia, iwumthombo wemvelo ovuselelekayo obalulekile kwezomnotho wawo womabili la mazwe.
Izici
Izihlahla ze-Mahogany zihlukaniswa ngokuzala kwazo okuhle nokubola kwazo, isiqu sazo silinganisa ngaphezu kwemitha ububanzi futhi sine-shaft eqondile futhi inezinqe esisekelweni zazo ngezinye izikhathi ezinobude obungaphezu kwamamitha angu-2, amagxolo awo amaholo afinyelela Kuwo wonke. isihlahla kanye nombala waso ufana nesiqu sawo, amagatsha e-Mahogany Trees aqinile, anezingqimba eziqinile futhi ezinwetshiwe, okuholela kumqhele onamaqabunga aminyene namaqabunga.
Izimbali zawo ziphuzi ngokhilimu, zincane ngosayizi futhi zikhula ku-axillary panicle-type inflorescence, ezinosayizi ophakathi kuka-10 kuya ku-25 amasentimitha ubude. Inezithelo ezomile ezifana nama-capsules amile, amasentimitha angu-12 kuya kwangu-16 ubude, ne-pendulum esiza ukuyibamba iqonde. Imbewu yawo inombala onsundu onamaphiko. Isakazwa ngembewu futhi ikhula kancane, izimpande zayo zijulile, isihlahla esiphila isikhathi eside.
Uhlobo lwe -Swietenia macrophylla lusakazeka kusukela eMexico kuya ehlathini lemvula lase-Amazon eBrazil, okuhlanganisa ne-Antilles kanye neningizimu yeFlorida. EVenezuela, lukhula ezindaweni ezifudumele, kusukela ogwini kuya eMfuleni i-Orinoco. Intuthuko yalo engcono kakhulu ibonwa emahlathini aseWestern Plains, kusukela eCojedes State kuya eBarinas State.
Descripción
- Lesi sihlahla sifinyelela ubude obuphakathi kwamamitha angama-20 no-50, isiqu saso siqondile namagatsha acishe abe ngamamitha angama-25.
- Phezulu kweSihlahla seMahogany kunobubanzi obungamamitha ayi-14. Ngamagatsha aminyene abomvu-nsundu, ngokuba khona kwamaphuzu aphakanyisiwe noma ama-lentils.
- Isiqu salesi sihlahla sinomumo oyicylindrical futhi sikhula siqondile futhi singenawo amagatsha ngamamitha awo okuqala obude. Inezinqe ezikwazi ukukala ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-4.
- Amagxolo awo anolaka anemifantu ejulile eduze kwesiqu sawo, umbala wawo unsundu ngokumnyama ngokubomvu, isiqu sawo sangaphakathi sibomvu ngokubomvu kuya kunsundu, sinokunambitha okubabayo.
- Inamaqabunga amakhulu, ashintshanayo, e-paripinnate angakala phakathi kwamasentimitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-40 ubude, anama-petioles, anamapheshana ama-lanceolate angu-6 kuya kwayi-12 amancane, akala amasentimitha angu-8 kuya kwangu-15 ubude no-2,5, 7 kuya ku-XNUMX ububanzi. Okuluhlaza okumnyama nokucwebezelayo ngenhla, okuluhlaza okuphaphathekile ngezansi.
- Isihlahla sama-Mahogany simila kuma-panicles anesilinganiso esiphakathi kwamasentimitha ayi-10 kuya kwangama-20 ubude, nombala ophuzi okhilimu; ene-calyx eyindilinga nama-lobe amafushane, ikala phakathi kwamasentimitha angu-2 no-2,5 ubude; inamacembe aphuzi angu-5 amhlophe kuya kokhilimu, amamilimitha angu-5 kuya ku-6 ubude; Inama-stamens angu-10 akha ithubhu eliyicylindrical elinamazinyo acijile.
- Izithelo zawo ziwohlokile, zingama-capsules amise okwe-ovoid, anosayizi ophakathi kuka-6 kuya ku-25 amasentimitha ubude nobubanzi obuphakathi kwamasentimitha angu-2 kuya kwangu-12, amancane phezulu, umbala wawo unombala ompunga, onokuthungwa okubushelelezi noma okuncane. enama-4 kuya ku-5 ama-valve anokhuni angamamilimitha angu-6 kuya kwangu-8, ngaphakathi kwalawa ma-capsules imbewu iyakhiwa, cishe imbewu engu-45 kuya ku-70, ene-spongy ne-brittle texture.
- Imbewu yayo iwuhlobo lwe-samara, ilula futhi inamaphiko, ubukhulu bayo buhluka phakathi kwamasentimitha angu-7,5 kuya ku-10 ubude namasentimitha angu-2 kuya ku-3 ububanzi kanye nobomvu obubomvu.
Ukusatshalaliswa
Lolu hlobo lwesihlahla seMahogany ( Swietenia macrophylla) lusakazeka kabanzi; ngokwemvelo lusakazeka lusuka eningizimu yeMexico, eceleni komthambeka we-Atlantic eMelika Ephakathi, luye e-Amazon Valley yaseBrazil nasePeru.
I-Ecology yalolu hlobo
Izinhlobo zezihlahla ze-mahogany ziyizinhlobo zokuqala ezikhula futhi zihlale iminyaka eminingi emahlathini eziwakhayo. Lolu hlobo lumelana nokukhanya kwelanga (i-heliophyte), kodwa lubekezelela umthunzi okhanyayo lapho luselusha, okuvumela ukuthi lukhule emthunzini wezinye izihlahla ezifana ne-balsa (i -Ochroma pyramidale ) kanye ne-guarumo ( i-Cecropia spp.). Izinhlobo zezihlahla ze-mahogany zitholakala emaqenjini amancane, ahlakazekile.
Zikhula emahlathini aswakeme futhi anomswakama kakhulu endaweni Tropical and Subtropical; nemvula ephakathi kuka-1.000 3.500 kuya ku-23 amamilimitha; kanye namazinga okushisa onyaka phakathi kuka-28 kuya ku-6,9°C. Zidinga inhlabathi ejulile kanye nenqwaba yezinto eziphilayo. Ijwayelana kahle nenhlabathi ewudaka olunesihlabathi, edonsa amanzi kahle kanye ne-pH phakathi kokungathathi hlangothi kanye nesisekelo esincane (pH phakathi kuka-7,8 kuya ku-XNUMX); ngetafula lamanzi aphezulu.
Ukusabalalisa kanye Nokukhiqiza
Ukwazi i-ecology yalesi sitshalo, kungenzeka ukuthi unqume ukuthi yiziphi izimo ezifanele zokusabalalisa i-ex situ (ngaphandle kwendawo yaso), kanye nokukhetha ukuthi izotshalwa kuphi nokuthi ungayinakekela kanjani. Ngasiphi isikhathi sonyaka imbewu yayo ingatholakala, phakathi kwezinye izimo ukuze kuzuzwe ukusabalala okuhle kweSihlahla seMahogany.
Izimo Zokutshala
Kuphakanyiswa ukutshala nokukhetha isiza sokusakazeka kwayo, esiphakathi kwamamitha ayi-0 kuya ku-1.500 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile elizivumelanisa nalo liphakathi kuka-25 °C kanye nemvula ephakathi kuka-1.220 kuya ku-4.000 wamamilimitha. Ifuna ngokukhanya kodwa esigabeni sayo sobusha ithanda umthunzi. I-Mahogany Tree ikhula kahle kakhulu emahlathini egalari. Ukuze izimpande zikhule kahle, ikhetha inhlabathi ejulile, edonsa amanzi kahle, isekela izindawo ezinomswakama, idinga umhlabathi wobumba oxubene nenhlabathi eyisihlabathi, ene-alkaline encane kakhulu.
Ukubuyiselwa kwabantu bemvelo
Ayikho iphrojekthi yezamahlathi eyaziwayo yokuvuselelwa kwemvelo kweSihlahla se-Mahogany, mhlawumbe ngenxa yezizathu zobuchwepheshe, nangenxa yokuntuleka kwentshisekelo yezomnotho nezombusazwe ekusekeleni amaphrojekthi alolu hlobo. Phakathi kwezizathu zobuchwepheshe zokwenza ukwakhiwa kabusha kwemvelo yabantu beMahogany Tree, kukhona:
Izinkuni zisengozini yokuhlaselwa yizinambuzane ( i-Platypus sp.) futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlaselwa yisikhunta okungcolisa izinkuni. Uma zitshalwa emasimini, zihlaselwa yizinambuzane i-Meliaceae ( i-Hypsiphylla grandella), futhi ukulawulwa kobuchwepheshe kwalesi sinambuzane akukakafinyelelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sihlahla asisebenzi ekusunguleni izitshalo zokutshala ngenxa yomkhuba waso wokukhula, njengoba singeyona indawo yokulima eyodwa kodwa kunalokho sidinga ukutshalwa okuxubile nezinye izihlahla, ngenxa yezici zokuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye nezinye izinto ezicatshangelwayo.
Ukuqoqwa kwembewu
Kusukela eminyakeni eyi-12 kuya kweyi-15, ukubonakala kwezimbali nezithelo zayo kuqala, phakathi kwezinyanga zika-Okthoba noNovemba, bese ukuthela kwayo kwenzeka phakathi kukaMashi no-Agasti. Ukuvuthwa kwezithelo zawo kwenzeka phakathi kwezinyanga zikaZibandlela noJanuwari, ngakho-ke imbewu yayo iqoqwa ezinyangeni zikaFebhuwari kuya ku-April, ukuvuthwa kwayo kwenzeka ezinyangeni eziyisi-6 kamuva.
Ukuthola imbewu yayo, izithelo zayo ziqoqwa esihlahleni seMahogany ngokwaso, lapho zibhekwa njengezinsundu ngokukhanyayo. Ngenxa yokuphakama kwamagatsha nezithelo, abaqoqi kufanele basebenzise izinto ezikhethekile ukuze bagibele esihlahleni. Ukuthatha izithelo ezivuthiwe, umqwali noma umqoqi usika izithelo egatsheni ngokucophelela okukhulu ukuze angadali umonakalo esihlahleni. Ngokocwaningo, ukukhiqizwa kwezithelo kuphakathi kuka-125 kuya ku-148 kilos esihlahleni ngasinye. Ngenkathi ngesihlahla ngasinye, kutholwa imbewu engu-3,8 kuya ku-4,5 kilos.
Lapho kuqoqwa izithelo ze-Mahogany, ziyiswa endaweni engaphakathi ukuze zisakazwe kuseyili isikhathi esiyizinsuku ezingu-5, ukuze ziqede ukuvuthwa futhi zivuleke zodwa. Ukuze zome, zikhishwa izinsuku ezi-3 ukuze zibekwe elangeni amahora ama-4. Imbewu ikhishwa esithelweni ngezandla futhi ibekwe elangeni amahora amane. Ukuze kukhishwe amaphiko embewu, ahlikihlwa ngomshini.
Ukuhluma nokuhluma kwangaphambi kokuhluma
Isonto elilodwa noma amabili ngemva kokuhlwanyela imbewu iqala ukuhluma, futhi imbewu yokugcina iqhume ngesonto lesithupha. Ukuhluma kwembewu ye-Mahogany kwenzeka ngaphansi kwenhlabathi, okungukuthi, i-hypogeal. Amaphesenti wokuhluma kwezimbewu ahluka phakathi kuka-80 kuya ku-95%.
I-Mahogany Tree, basebenzisa ukwelashwa ngaphambi kokuhluma ukuze bazuze ukuhluma okufanayo, imbewu ifakwa emanzini okushisa asekamelweni isikhathi esiphakathi kwamahora angu-12 kuya kwangu-48. Ziqhuma ngaphambi kwezinsuku eziyi-15 futhi zifinyelele umvuthwandaba ngezinsuku ezingama-30. Ngekhilogremu lembewu, kutholakala izithombo ezingaba ngu-1.000.
ukugcinwa kwembewu
Imbewu yalesi sihlahla igcina ikhono layo lokuhluma izinyanga eziyisi-7 kuya kweziyisi-8 zigcinwe ekamelweni lokushisa, zigcinwe ezikhwameni zephepha. Uma zigcinwe esiqandisini ezikhwameni zepulasitiki ezivaliwe, zihlala zisebenza cishe iminyaka emi-4. Uma izinga lokushisa lilawulwa ku-4 °C kanye nomswakama ku-4%, amandla ayo okuhluma angahlala esebenza cishe iminyaka eyi-8.
Ukuphatha imbewu enkulisa
Ezinkulisa zingahlwanyelwa emibhedeni noma emibhedeni ehlumayo ngaphansi komthunzi, ukukhiqiza ukusikwa kwe-pseudo, noma kuhlwanyelwe ezikhwameni zenkulisa. Uma uhlwanyela ezikhwameni, faka izimbewu ezi-2 kuya kwezi-3 esikhwameni ngasinye, futhi uzibeke ku-1 kuya ku-2 wamasentimitha ukushona. Lapho izithombo zifinyelela amasentimitha angama-30 ukuphakama, esikhathini esiyizinyanga ezi-5 kuya kweziyi-12.
Ukutshala
Lapho zitshalwe endaweni eqondile, kufanele kucatshangelwe: ukujula okwanele kokutshala isithombo se-Mahogany ngamasentimitha ayi-15 kuya ku-30. Amasimu e-Mahogany akufanele abe yi-monoculture, kufanele atshalwe kanye nezinye izitshalo ezikhula ngokushesha njenge: Guanacaste, Genízaro, Teak, Leucaena kanye nezinye izinhlobo zehlathi.
Ngenhloso yokuhlinzeka ngomthunzi ezihlahleni ezincane zeMahogany kanye nokulawula ukuhlasela kwe-bud borer. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi azinakutshalwa nezihlahla zikagamthilini, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lesi sihlahla siwuhlobo olukhonyayo futhi sikhula ngokushesha. Umthunzi okhiqizwa izihlahla zikagamthilini ezitshalweni zeMahogany ungacindezelwa. Izithombo zeMahogany kumele zitshalwe izitshalo ezi-5 kuya kweziyisi-6 kwesinye isihlahla sohlobo lwe-Mahogany, kuzo zombili izinhlangothi.
ukuphathwa kwamasimu
Umhlabathi kufanele ulungiswe futhi kutshalwe ukhula phakathi neminyaka yokuqala engu-3 yokutshala. Ngonyaka wokuqala emva kokutshala, ukhula kufanele lulawuleke kahle kakhulu ngoba luzwela kakhulu ukuncintisana nezinye izitshalo eziwukhula. Isakhiwo kufanele siphathwe sisonke sengathi zonke ziyizinhlobo ezifanayo. Kuphakanyiswa ukuthi zonke kube yizihlahla zamapulangwe.
Ukuze kuphathwe, ukuncishiswa kuyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe izihlahla ezinhle kakhulu endaweni futhi kufezwe ukukhiqizwa kweziqu zekhwalithi ephezulu. Kuphakanyiswa ukuthi izihlahla ezikule ndawo zincishiswe kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa isilinganiso sezihlahla ezingu-200 kuya ku-300/ha. Isivuno sesitshalo singumthamo omaphakathi ongu-7 kuya ku-11 m³ / ha/ngonyaka.
Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo
Umuthi we-mahogany ( Swietenia macrophylla ), njengezinye izinhlobo emndenini we-Meliaceae, ungahlaselwa kalula yi-mahogany borer moth ( Hypsipyta grandella) . Lesi sinambuzane sinolaka kakhulu eminyakeni yokuqala yezihlahla ze-mahogany (Swietenia sp.) kanye ne-cedar ( Cedrela odorata ), okubangela umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni ezinkulisa kanye nasemasimini ama-mahogany amancane.
Ngenxa yalokhu, nangenxa yobubanzi bokusatshalaliswa kwale moth ye-mahogany borer, esukela eningizimu yeFlorida kuya eCaribbean, eCentral kanye naseNingizimu Melika (okufana nokusatshalaliswa kwe-* Swietenia macrophylla *), amasimu e-mahogany avame ukutshalwa nezinye izinhlobo zezihlahla ukulawula ukuba khona kwayo. I-mahogany borer moth ihlasela ihlumela eliyi-apical lezithombo ze-mahogany, ekugcineni ibulale izitshalo.
Lezo ezisindayo zenza lokho ngoba, njengempendulo yomzimba, izihlahla ze-mahogany zikhula ihlumela elisha noma ihlumela eliyi-apical. Kodwa-ke, lokhu azivikeli ekulimaleni okulandelayo yileli bhungane, ngoba uma nje isihlahla se-mahogany singaphansi kwamamitha amabili kuya kwangu-2,5 ubude, singahlaselwa yi- Hypsipyta sp., njengoba ibhungane lindiza liye phezulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izihlahla zihlaselwa zineminyaka ephakathi kwemi-2 neyi-3 ubudala, okuthinta nokukhula okuqondile kwesiqu.
Isihlahla sikaMahogany Emlandweni
Ngolimi lwesiTupi bayibiza ngokuthi “tauba” okusho unyaka, njengoba abantu bomdabu babebala iminyaka ngamasongo, okulula ukuyibona esiqwini salezi zihlahla. Kusuka egameni elithi "tauba" kuvela igama elithi "mahogany". Igama elithi "mahogany" lisetshenziswa ezifundeni ezinqotshwe abaseSpain. Ngolimi lwesiNgisi, igama elithi "mahogany" ekuqaleni lalisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela okhunini oluvela eziqhingini zaseWest Indies, ezazilawulwa amaNgisi. AmaFulentshi ayibiza ngokuthi “acajou”.
Ngokusho kwenye incazelo, igama lesiNgisi lomuthi we-Mahogany, elithi "mahogany," ngokusobala liwukuphimisela kabi igama elithi "m'oganwo," okuyilokho abantu bezizwe zamaYoruba nama-Igbo zaseNtshonalanga Afrika ababekubiza ngokuthi imithi yohlobo lwe- Khaya , imithi ehlobene nohlobo lwe- Swietenia sp.
Kungenzeka ukuthi ngolimi lwesiNgisi ibizwa ngokuthi "i-mahogany" ngoba izigqila zase-Afrika ezalethwa eJamaica zabiza imithi eyayikhula esiqhingini saseJamaica ngendlela efanayo naleyo ezaziyazi e-Afrika ngokuthi "m'oganwo," incazelo engakaqinisekiswa, ayikho enye ephikisayo, ngoba akwaziwa ukuthi abantu bomdabu base-Arawak baseJamaica bayibiza ngokuthini i-Mahogany Tree.
Igama elithi "mahogany" laqala ukuvela encwadini yesiNgisi emsebenzini kaJohn Ogilby, *America*, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1671. Izazi zemvelo zaseNgilandi nezazi zezitshalo zazikholelwa ukuthi uhlobo lomsedari, njengoba isazi sezitshalo uCarl Linnaeus salubiza ngokuthi * Cedrela mahagoni* ngo-1759. Kwabe sekuthi ngonyaka olandelayo, ngo-1760, isazi sezitshalo uNikolaus Joseph von Jacquin saluchaza ngaphakathi kohlobo olusha, olubizwa ngokuthi * Swietenia mahagoni*.
Phakathi nengxenye yesithathu yokuqala yekhulu le-19, zonke izihlahla ze-mahogany zazisabhekwa njengohlobo olulodwa, ngaphandle kokubheka umehluko wekhwalithi noma izici ezithile ezibonwa kuye ngohlobo lomhlabathi nesimo sezulu. Kwaze kwaba ngo-1836 lapho uJoseph Gerhard Zuccarini, isazi sezitshalo saseJalimane, ehlola izitshalo eziqoqwe ogwini lwasePacific eMexico, ethola uhlobo olusha futhi walunika igama lesayensi elithi Swietenia humilis.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ngo-1886, yahlonzwa njengeSwietenia macrophylla, yabika uhlobo lwesithathu lwalolu hlobo, yisazi sezitshalo uSir George King, lapho ehlukanisa izinhlobo ze-mahogany ezivela eHonduras, ezazitshalwa ngaphandle kwe-situ ezingadini zezitshalo eCalcutta, eNdiya.
Njengamanje, ukutholakala kwe-mahogany yangempela kuvela emasimini ase-Asia ezinhlobo ze- Swietenia mahagoni kanye ne -Swietenia macrophylla , ezitshalwe futhi zavunwa eNdiya, eBangladesh, e-Indonesia, naseFiji e-Oceania. Lezi zinhlobo zethulwa kwamanye amazwe ase-Asia ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990, lapho kwabekwa imingcele ekuthunyelweni kwe-mahogany evela eMelika. Zombili izinhlobo zajwayelana kahle kakhulu futhi ziyalinywa futhi zivunwa ngempumelelo enkulu emazweni ase-Asia.
I-CITES (iSivumelwano Sokuhweba Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Ngezinhlobo Zezilwane Nezitshalo Ezisengozini Yokushabalala) ibala zonke izinhlobo zezihlahla ze-mahogany ( Swietenia sp.) ezikhula endaweni yazo yokuhlala ngenxa yobuthakathaka balezi zinhlobo lapho. Ngakho-ke, kumele zibe ngaphansi kohlelo lokuvikelwa.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ze-mahogany
Uma izinhlobo ezahlukene zohlobo lweSwietenia zikhula eduze, ziyazalana kalula, zikhiqize izinhlobo ezixubile. I-hybrid phakathi kwe-S. mahagoni ne -S. macrophylla , isibonelo, iyaziswa kakhulu futhi itshalwe ngenxa yekhwalithi enhle kakhulu yokhuni lwayo. Ezinye izinhlobo ezaziwa ngokuthi i-mahogany ebhizinisini lokhuni lase-United States zinamagama ahlukahlukene ezentengiselwano, njenge- Philippine mahogany, futhi ngokwezitshalo zihlotshaniswa nohlobo lwe -Shorea ne -Dipterocarpus. Izinkuni ezivela kulezi zihlahla zaziwa ngokuthi "i-Lauan" kanye ne-"Meranti."
Uhwebo lwe-mahogany
I-Wood yayingomunye wemikhiqizo yokuqala yaseMelika eyabamba ukunaka kwabanqobi baseYurophu lapho bezinza e-West Indies. Encwadini ye-Hispaniola, ngekhulu le-XNUMX, yabhalwa umFulentshi u-Alexandre Olivier Exquemelin, indlela abantu bomdabu ababezakha ngayo izikebhe ngokhuni lwe-mahogany noma imisedari.
Waveza: ... abantu bomdabu bakha izikebhe, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokusebenzisa amathuluzi ensimbi, ukuthola izinkuni zesihlahla bazishisa phansi kwesihlahla, futhi balawula ikhandlela ukuze kungashi okunye kuleyo ndawo. … ESanto Domingo, isonto lombhishobhi linesiphambano sangonyaka ka-1514, esakhiwe ngokhuni lweSihlahla SeMahogany.
Ngonyaka ka-1584, kwaqala ukwakhiwa kwe-Escorial Monastery, futhi ngokusobala lowo owagunyaza ukusetshenziswa kokhuni lwe-mahogany ekubazeni okungaphakathi kwalendlu yezindela kwakunguPhilip II waseSpain ngokwakhe. Kumelwe kuphawulwe ukuthi ngonyaka ka-1622, ukhuni lweSihlahla Sakwa-Mahogany, ubukhosi obubodwa, lwamenyezelwa eHavana, eCuba, ukuba lusetshenziselwe ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi kuphela. Ngokubuka lesi simemezelo, izinkuni zeMahogany Tree ezincane kakhulu zavezwa zisuka eMelika ziye ezwenikazi laseYurophu.
Ekoloni laseFrance eSanto Domingo, okuyiHaiti yanamuhla, ukugawulwa kwezihlahla ze-mahogany ezamila kuleso siqhingi cishe zalethwa eFrance, futhi ngokunokwenzeka zasetshenziswa ngendlela elinganiselwe cishe ngawo-1700, ababazi baseBordeaux, eSaint- Bad, La Rochelle futhi Nantes. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emakoloni angamaNgisi aseJamaica naseBahamas, inani labantu baseMahogany Tree lalijabule, nokho ukuthunyelwa kwaso kwamanye amazwe kwenziwa kusukela ngonyaka we-1700.
Ukuhweba kwayo ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili
Ngokungafani namandla eSpain naseFrance, okwathi phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, kwavimbela kakhulu ukuhweba ngokhuni lwe-mahogany, emakoloni abo aseMelika. AmaNgisi eziqhingini ezaqoqwa amaNgisi, asebenzisa ithuba lokudayiswa kokhuni lwe-mahogany, lapho iPhalamende LaseBrithani ngo-1721 likhipha amalungelo okungenisa amahlathi ahlukahlukene ukusuka emakoloni awo eMelika kuya eGreat Britain.
Lokhu kwakhulisa ukuhweba ngezingodo kusukela e-West Indies, ikakhulukazi ukuhweba ngezingodo zeSihlahla se-Mahogany, kakhulu. Ngokusho kwamarekhodi ngonyaka we-1740, ukungeniswa kwezinkuni ze-mahogany ezingena eGreat Britain, zabika mayelana ne-525 TN (mathani), lokhu ngaphandle kokucabangela idatha yokungenisa evela eScotland, ngoba amarekhodi abo enziwe ngokuhlukana. Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva ngo-1750, kwabikwa i-3.688 TN futhi ngo-1788 yakhuphuka kungazelelwe yaba ngaphezu kuka-30.000 TN, okuwumbiko omkhulu wokuhweba we-Mahogany wekhulu le-XNUMX.
Ngokufanayo, ukuthunyelwa kwezinkuni ze-mahogany kwamanye amazwe kwanda kakhulu, ngokomthetho ka-1721, kusukela eWest Indies kuya emakoloni amaNgisi eNyakatho Melika. Ngawo-1760s, cishe zonke (90%) zezinkuni zeMahogany ezithunyelwa eGreat Britain zathunyelwa zisuka eJamaica. Lolu godo lwalusetshenziswa kakhulu ababazi baseBrithani ekwenzeni ifenisha. Inani elincane laphinde lathunyelwa ezwenikazi laseYurophu.
Inqwaba yezinkuni ze-mahogany nazo zathunyelwa zisuka eJamaica zaya eNyakatho Melika. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi iningi lezinkuni ze-mahogany ezingeniswe yiNyakatho Melika lavela eBahamas ukuze kwenziwe ifenisha. Igama lezentengiselwano lalolu khuni yi -Providence wood, eliqanjwe ngegama lechweba elikhulu eBahamas. Ngezinye izikhathi libizwa nangokuthi "maderah ," igama lomuthi we-mahogany eBahamas.
Omunye umthombo obalulekile wezinkuni owawuhwebelwa amaNgisi kwakuyi-Río Negro kanye nendawo ezungezile yaseCosta de los Mosquitos (ingxenye yeHonduras namuhla), lapho kwathunyelwa khona inqwaba yokhuni lwe-mahogany kusukela ngo-1740. Igama lezentengiselwano lalolu godo kwakungu "Roatan Mahogany" (igama lesiqhingi lapho livela khona), lokhu kuxhashazwa kwakuyichweba eliyinhloko lokuhweba lwalezi zinkuni olwandle oluphakeme lwabafika baseNgilandi.
Ngemva kweMpi Yeminyaka Eyisikhombisa, phakathi kuka-1756 no-1763, ukuhweba ngama-mahogany kwashintsha kakhulu. Ukhuni lwama-mahogany lwaqala ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe luvela kwezinye izingxenye zaseMelika. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kokhuni lwama-mahogany oluvela eCuba kwaqala, kwathola igama lokuhweba elithi Cuban mahogany noma i-Havana mahogany . Kodwa-ke, lolu khuni lwasheshe lwathengiswa kancane ngenxa yokubonakala kwalo luphansi.
I -mahogany yaseSpain eyaziwayo noma i-mahogany yaseSanto Domingo yangeniswa kulo mkhakha , kwaqala ngoMthetho Wezikhumulo Zamahhala ka-1766. Inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinkuni ze-mahogany ezazithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe lalivela eHonduras, izinkuni zeBaywood . Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, amakoloni aseBrithani ayesebenza kakhulu exhaphaza eningizimu yeYucatan, ngisho nalapho iSpain, eyayifuna ukubusa kuyo yonke iMelika Ephakathi.
AmaNgisi asebenzisa kabi iNhlonhlo yaseYucatán eseningizimu, ekuqaleni evuna izinkuni ze-logwood ukuze athole udayi obomvu. AyeseBelize, eyaba yisikhungo sawo semisebenzi yezentengiselwano. Ngemva kweSivumelwano saseParis sango-1763, athumela izinkuni ze-logwood kwamanye amazwe ngaphezu kwe-mahogany , kodwa ngokushesha agcwalisa imakethe futhi amanani ehla. Nokho, intengo ye -mahogany yahlala izinzile.
Indawo yokulondoloza esebenzayo ye-Jamaican Mahogany Trees yagawulwa ngo-1790, futhi lokhu kwaholela emakethe yama-mahogany ehlukene ibe imithombo emibili eyinhloko ye-mahogany, umthombo oshibhile futhi osezingeni eliphansi waseHonduran, kanye ne-mahogany. ukhuni. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, iFrance yathenga i-mahogany eSaint Domingue (iHaiti yanamuhla) kanti amanye amazwe aseYurophu athenga i-mahogany eGreat Britain.
I-Mahogany ngemuva kwe-French Revolution
Ngemva kweNguquko YaseFrance nezinye izimpi ezaba khona, banikeza ithuba lokuhweba ngokhuni lwe-mahogany, njengoba amakoloni aseFrance naseSpain eMelika ayelahlekelwa, kwakusho ukuthi ukuhweba kwamaNgisi kwafinyelela ezindaweni ezazingavunyelwe ngaphambili, njengeSanto Domingo neCuba. . Izinkuni zeMahogany ezivela eCuba naseSanto Domingo zaqala ukufika eYurophu, eNyakatho Melika futhi ikakhulukazi iGreat Britain. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, baqala ukuxhaphaza ezinye izifunda zokugawulwa kwemithi zaseMexico, eGuatemala nakwamanye amazwe aseMelika Ephakathi, kuze kufike ePanama.
Ngekhulu le-19, ukukhiqizwa kwezinkuni ze-mahogany kwafinyelela esicongweni, lapho iGreat Britain ibika ukungeniswa kwayo okuphezulu kakhulu kwezinkuni ezingamathani angu-80.000 ngo-1875. Kusukela ngo-1880 kuqhubeke, i-mahogany yohlobo lwe- Khaya spp., nayo evela emndenini wakwaMeliaceae, yaqala ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe isuka eNtshonalanga Afrika, futhi ngekhulu lama-20 yayisizinzile kuleyo makethe.
Ngonyaka ka-1907, inani eliphelele lokhuni lwe-mahogany olungeniswe emakethe yaseYurophu lwaluyi-159.830 TN, lapho u-76% uvela eNtshonalanga Afrika. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinkuni ezivela eCuba, eHaiti nakwezinye izindawo emazweni aseMelika zaqala ukuntuleka ngosayizi bezentengiselwano. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, zombili izinkuni ze-mahogany ezivela eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu zase zibhekene nesimo esifanayo.
Umthethonqubo we-CITES
I-Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) yengeze uhlobo lwe- Swietenia humilis ku-Appendix II ngo-1975, kwalandela i-S. mahagony ngo-1992. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uhlobo olutholakala kakhulu, i-S. macrophylla, lwavela ku-Appendix III ngo-1995 futhi kamuva lwathuthelwa ku-Appendix II ngo-2003.
I-CITES ilawule izinhlobo eziningana zokhuni ezivela ku-Mahogany Trees, ngenxa yokugawulwa kwezihlahla ngokweqile emahlathini anomswakama kanye namahlathi asezintabeni ezihlala emathafeni, okuthinta lezi zindawo zemvelo. Amazwe amaningi emhlabeni asayine lo mthethonqubo owenqabela ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwezinkuni ze-mahogany. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi ziwukhuni olwaziswa kakhulu, bayaqhubeka bengenisa lezi zinkuni ngokungemthetho. Izinhlangano zezemvelo ezifana neGreenpeace kanye ne-Friends of the Earth zicele ukuthi imithethonqubo ibe nemingcele ngokwephula imikhawulo.
Ezinye zezinkuni ezinhle kakhulu
Luyinkuni okulula ukuyisebenzisa futhi oluhlala isikhathi eside. Lunezinhlamvu eziqondile, eziqhubekayo, ezingenazo izikhala namafindo. Umbala walo uyahlukahluka kusukela kobomvu ngokunsundu, obumnyama ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi uma lupholishiwe, lunombala obomvu. Inkuni ye-mahogany evela ezinhlotsheni zohlobo lwe- Swietenia , uma ithuthukiswe kahle, ikhiqiza amapulangwe abanzi, okwenza ifunwe kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ifenisha ehlukahlukene.
Izinkuni zeMahogany Tree zibhekwa njengenye yezinkuni ezihamba phambili emhlabeni, ziba iphethini yokubhekisela lapho ezinye izinkuni ziqhathaniswa nokukhiqiza ifenisha. Umbala walesi sihlahla ungenye yezici zalesi sihlahla, esihluka kubomvu obumnyama, iwayini elibomvu kanye namanye ama-shades alula, kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo.
Lolu khuni lwalusetshenziselwa ukwenza ifenisha emakoloni aseMelika phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, ikakhulukazi lapho izingcweti zaseMelika zikwazi ukuba nenani elikhulu lezingodo ezitholakalayo. Namanje iwugodo olusetshenziselwa ukwakha ifenisha.
Kubhekwa ekwenziweni kwekhabhinethi ireferensi yokhuni olucolisekileyo, ngenxa yokusebenza kwalo kalula, ukubukeka kwezinkuni kanye nokumelana nezilokazane ezifana nomuhlwa nezikelemu. Ngenxa yokumelana nomswakama kanye nesisindo sawo, yayisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwezikebhe zemikhumbi. Isisindo sokhuni lwe-mahogany, olusetshenziselwa ukwakha i-keel yemikhumbi, lwasiza ekuqiniseni umkhumbi, ngokwandisa i-ballast yawo.
Izikebhe zakhiwe ngalolu khuni, ngoba alukwazi ukumelana nomswakama nokubola, isibonelo umkhumbi "i-Santísima Trinidad", owenziwe nge-mahogany yaseCuba.
Kuwukhuni olusetshenziselwa ukwakha iziginci nezinye izinsimbi ezifana namandolin nezinye izinsimbi zomculo. Lokhu kukhethwa kokusebenzisa ukhuni oluvela ku-Mahogany Tree kungenxa yamandla alo afanelekile okwenza intamo. Ngokufanayo, ngenxa yezimfanelo zabo ze-timbre, nazo zisetshenziselwa ukwenza izindandatho nezingezansi. Cishe u-95% weziginci ezisezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu zazikhiqizwa ngokhuni lwe-mahogany.
Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinkuni sezilokhu zisetshenziswa ukwenza izinsimbi zomculo ezifana namagitare akudala noma aseSpain, amahabhu, i-charango, ama-mandolin, nezinye izinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo. Ithathelwe indawo izinkuni ezivela kuhlobo lwe- Dalbergia sp. lomzimba wensimbi, kanti i-Spanish cedar noma i-Honduras cedar isetshenziselwa intamo. Izinkuni ze-mahogany ziyaqhubeka zisetshenziswa ukwenza amagobolondo ezinsimbi zomculo ezifana nezigubhu ze-snare kanye nezinsimbi zomculo we-drum, kanye nezinye izinsimbi zomculo we-percussion.
Zisetshenziselwa ukwenza izinsimbi zomculo, ngenxa yamathoni eliwanikeza izinsimbi zomculo. Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza iziginci ze-acoustic; izinhlangothi nezintamo zamagitala kagesi, nezigubhu zogibe zokukhiqiza ithoni ejulile nefudumele, ngokungafani nezinye izinkuni. Imizimba yezikhulumi zemishini yomculo yenziwa ngalolu khuni.
Ukuthandile, ngakho ngikumema ukuthi ufunde futhi: