Isihlahla sikaMahogany (I-Swietenia macrophylla), ingenye yezinhlobo ezintathu zohlobo I-Swietenia. Isatshalaliswa isuka eMexico iye eBrazil, kulezi zinhlobo ezintathu ezaziwa ngokuthi i-mahogany yangempela, iyona kuphela etshalwa ukuhweba namuhla futhi isakazeke kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukwethula lonke ulwazi oluhlobene nalolu hlobo lwe-mahogany. Ngiyakumema ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda.
Isihlahla sikaMahogany
Uma kukhulunywa ngeSihlahla seMahogany, kungenzeka ukuthi kubhekiselwa kolunye lwezinhlobo ezintathu zohlobo I-Swietenia, ongowomndeni wezitshalo i-Meliaceae. Nokho, kuleli phepha sizobhekisela ku- I-Swietenia macrophylla, uhlobo olusatshalaliswa kakhulu ezwenikazi laseMelika, kusukela eMelika Ephakathi kuya enyakatho yeBrazil nasePeru, kanye nalolo oludayiswayo njengamanje.
Lesi sihlahla sithola amagama ahlukahlukene avamile, kuye ngezwe lapho simila khona, elivame kakhulu elithi Mahogany. Amanye amagama ajwayelekile yilawa: ngesiMayan bathi Chacalté; eMexico, eMelika Ephakathi naseColombia bayibiza ngokuthi iBig Leaf Mahogany, iSouthern Mahogany, i-Atlantic Mahogany, iCáguano; eVenezuela bayibiza ngokuthi iCaoba noma i-Oruba; eBrazil balazi ngokuthi iMongno, i-Aguano ne-Araputanga, nokunye ngamanye amagama.
Kuyisihlahla esithanda ukukhula ezindaweni ezinokukhanya kwelanga okuhle, nokho, esigabeni saso sobusha sidinga umthunzi. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi ikhula kanye nezinhlobo ezinkulu zamahlathi, lapho isencane ikhula ngaphansi komthunzi okhiqizwa yilezi zihlahla ezinkulu ize ifinyelele ukuphakama okwanele ukuze ihluke ezihlahleni ezingomakhelwane.
Lokhu kuziphatha kweSihlahla seMahogany, ebusheni baso ngokuphathelene nesidingo esiphansi sokukhanya kwelanga, kufanele kucatshangelwe uma ufuna ukutshala lezi zihlahla endaweni yokunakekela izingane, ukuze zikhule kahle zize zifinyelele ebudaleni. Kusukela i-Mahogany Trees itshalwe endaweni evulekile engenazihlahla noma izakhiwo ezivimbela ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile ukuthi kufinyelele kulezi zihlahla kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi zikhula zibe mfushane.
Ngenxa yokuxhashazwa okukhulu kusukela ekoloni, okwamanje iwuhlobo oludinga ukunakwa okukhethekile ukuze kuvikelwe abantu bakhona. AmaNgisi ahlala eBelize yiwo aqala ukuxhashazwa kwezinkuni zeMahogany Trees enyakatho yeGuatemala, ngenxa yokudlondlobala kwemboni yezinkuni ngaleso sikhathi futhi esaqhubeka. Ukuze kukhishwe lolu hlobo (I-Swietenia macrophylla), i-IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), yayichaza ngokuthi "ingozi esengozini".
Embonini yezinkuni, bathola amagama okuhweba e-"Honduras" Mahogany: i-Honduran Mahogany, ehlonishwa kakhulu ngobuhle nobulukhuni bezinkuni ezikhiqizwayo. Ukhuni lwawo luqinile, luqinile, lunobuhle obukhulu futhi kulula ukusebenza ngalo, okwenza lube olunye lwezinkuni ezifiseleka kakhulu futhi ezithengiswayo emkhakheni wamazwe ngamazwe wemboni yezinkuni. Emazweni afana neBrazil neBolivia, iwumthombo wemvelo ovuselelekayo obalulekile kwezomnotho wawo womabili la mazwe.
Izici
Izihlahla ze-Mahogany zihlukaniswa ngokuzala kwazo okuhle nokubola kwazo, isiqu sazo silinganisa ngaphezu kwemitha ububanzi futhi sine-shaft eqondile futhi inezinqe esisekelweni zazo ngezinye izikhathi ezinobude obungaphezu kwamamitha angu-2, amagxolo awo amaholo afinyelela Kuwo wonke. isihlahla kanye nombala waso ufana nesiqu sawo, amagatsha e-Mahogany Trees aqinile, anezingqimba eziqinile futhi ezinwetshiwe, okuholela kumqhele onamaqabunga aminyene namaqabunga.
Izimbali zawo ziphuzi ngokhilimu, zincane ngosayizi futhi zikhula ku-axillary panicle-type inflorescence, ezinosayizi ophakathi kuka-10 kuya ku-25 amasentimitha ubude. Inezithelo ezomile ezifana nama-capsules amile, amasentimitha angu-12 kuya kwangu-16 ubude, ne-pendulum esiza ukuyibamba iqonde. Imbewu yawo inombala onsundu onamaphiko. Isakazwa ngembewu futhi ikhula kancane, izimpande zayo zijulile, isihlahla esiphila isikhathi eside.
Izinhlobo I-Swietenia macrophylla Isakazwa isuka eMexico iye ehlathini lase-Amazonian laseBrazil, kuhlanganise ne-Antilles kanye nengxenye eseningizimu yeFlorida. E-Venezuela ikhula ezindaweni ezifudumele, kusukela ogwini kuya eMfuleni i-Orinoco. Ukuthuthuka kwayo okuhle kakhulu kubonwa emahlathini “egalari” yaseThafeni LaseNtshonalanga, ukusuka esifundeni saseCojedes kuya esifundeni saseBarinas.
Descripción
- Lesi sihlahla sifinyelela ubude obuphakathi kwamamitha angama-20 no-50, isiqu saso siqondile namagatsha acishe abe ngamamitha angama-25.
- Phezulu kweSihlahla seMahogany kunobubanzi obungamamitha ayi-14. Ngamagatsha aminyene abomvu-nsundu, ngokuba khona kwamaphuzu aphakanyisiwe noma ama-lentils.
- Isiqu salesi sihlahla sinomumo oyicylindrical futhi sikhula siqondile futhi singenawo amagatsha ngamamitha awo okuqala obude. Inezinqe ezikwazi ukukala ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-4.
- Amagxolo awo anolaka anemifantu ejulile eduze kwesiqu sawo, umbala wawo unsundu ngokumnyama ngokubomvu, isiqu sawo sangaphakathi sibomvu ngokubomvu kuya kunsundu, sinokunambitha okubabayo.
- Inamaqabunga amakhulu, ashintshanayo, e-paripinnate angakala phakathi kwamasentimitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-40 ubude, anama-petioles, anamapheshana ama-lanceolate angu-6 kuya kwayi-12 amancane, akala amasentimitha angu-8 kuya kwangu-15 ubude no-2,5, 7 kuya ku-XNUMX ububanzi. Okuluhlaza okumnyama nokucwebezelayo ngenhla, okuluhlaza okuphaphathekile ngezansi.
- Isihlahla sama-Mahogany simila kuma-panicles anesilinganiso esiphakathi kwamasentimitha ayi-10 kuya kwangama-20 ubude, nombala ophuzi okhilimu; ene-calyx eyindilinga nama-lobe amafushane, ikala phakathi kwamasentimitha angu-2 no-2,5 ubude; inamacembe aphuzi angu-5 amhlophe kuya kokhilimu, amamilimitha angu-5 kuya ku-6 ubude; Inama-stamens angu-10 akha ithubhu eliyicylindrical elinamazinyo acijile.
- Izithelo zawo ziwohlokile, zingama-capsules amise okwe-ovoid, anosayizi ophakathi kuka-6 kuya ku-25 amasentimitha ubude nobubanzi obuphakathi kwamasentimitha angu-2 kuya kwangu-12, amancane phezulu, umbala wawo unombala ompunga, onokuthungwa okubushelelezi noma okuncane. enama-4 kuya ku-5 ama-valve anokhuni angamamilimitha angu-6 kuya kwangu-8, ngaphakathi kwalawa ma-capsules imbewu iyakhiwa, cishe imbewu engu-45 kuya ku-70, ene-spongy ne-brittle texture.
- Imbewu yayo iwuhlobo lwe-samara, ilula futhi inamaphiko, ubukhulu bayo buhluka phakathi kwamasentimitha angu-7,5 kuya ku-10 ubude namasentimitha angu-2 kuya ku-3 ububanzi kanye nobomvu obubomvu.
Ukusatshalaliswa
Lolu hlobo lwe-Mahogany Tree (I-Swietenia macrophylla), isakazwa kabanzi, ngokwemvelo isakazwa isuka eNingizimu yeMexico, ihamba ngasemthambekeni we-Atlantic eMelika Ephakathi ize ifike e-Amazon Valley eBrazil nasePeru.
I-Ecology yalolu hlobo
Izibalo zeMahogany Trees ziyizinhlobo zamavulandlela ezikhula futhi zihlale iminyaka eminingi emahlathini ezakhayo. Iwuhlobo olumelana nokukhanya kwelanga (i-heliophyte), nokho, ibekezelela umthunzi okhanyayo esigabeni sayo sobusha, ngenxa yalesi sizathu ingakhula ngaphansi komthunzi wezinye izihlahla njenge (I-Ochroma pyramidale), eyaziwa ngegama layo elivamile elithi Balsa kanye neGuarumo (i-cecropia spp.). Izibalo zeMahogany Tree zitholakala ngamaqembu amancane, aqhelelene komunye nomunye.
Zikhula emahlathini aswakeme futhi anomswakama kakhulu endaweni Tropical and Subtropical; nemvula ephakathi kuka-1.000 3.500 kuya ku-23 amamilimitha; kanye namazinga okushisa onyaka phakathi kuka-28 kuya ku-6,9°C. Zidinga inhlabathi ejulile kanye nenqwaba yezinto eziphilayo. Ijwayelana kahle nenhlabathi ewudaka olunesihlabathi, edonsa amanzi kahle kanye ne-pH phakathi kokungathathi hlangothi kanye nesisekelo esincane (pH phakathi kuka-7,8 kuya ku-XNUMX); ngetafula lamanzi aphezulu.
Ukusabalalisa kanye Nokukhiqiza
Ukwazi i-ecology yalesi sitshalo, kungenzeka ukuthi unqume ukuthi yiziphi izimo ezifanele zokusabalalisa i-ex situ (ngaphandle kwendawo yaso), kanye nokukhetha ukuthi izotshalwa kuphi nokuthi ungayinakekela kanjani. Ngasiphi isikhathi sonyaka imbewu yayo ingatholakala, phakathi kwezinye izimo ukuze kuzuzwe ukusabalala okuhle kweSihlahla seMahogany.
Izimo Zokutshala
Kuphakanyiswa ukutshala nokukhetha isiza sokusakazeka kwayo, esiphakathi kwamamitha ayi-0 kuya ku-1.500 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile elizivumelanisa nalo liphakathi kuka-25 °C kanye nemvula ephakathi kuka-1.220 kuya ku-4.000 wamamilimitha. Ifuna ngokukhanya kodwa esigabeni sayo sobusha ithanda umthunzi. I-Mahogany Tree ikhula kahle kakhulu emahlathini egalari. Ukuze izimpande zikhule kahle, ikhetha inhlabathi ejulile, edonsa amanzi kahle, isekela izindawo ezinomswakama, idinga umhlabathi wobumba oxubene nenhlabathi eyisihlabathi, ene-alkaline encane kakhulu.
Ukubuyiselwa kwabantu bemvelo
Ayikho iphrojekthi yezamahlathi eyaziwayo yokuvuselelwa kwemvelo kweSihlahla se-Mahogany, mhlawumbe ngenxa yezizathu zobuchwepheshe, nangenxa yokuntuleka kwentshisekelo yezomnotho nezombusazwe ekusekeleni amaphrojekthi alolu hlobo. Phakathi kwezizathu zobuchwepheshe zokwenza ukwakhiwa kabusha kwemvelo yabantu beMahogany Tree, kukhona:
Ukhuni luvame ukuhlaselwa izintuthwane (I-Platypus sp) ngakho-ke ukuhlaselwa yisikhunta, esingcolisa izinkuni. Uma isikhule emasimini, ihlaselwa yizinambuzane iMeliaceae, (I-Hypsiphylla grandella), futhi ezingeni lobuchwepheshe, akukakakwazi ukulwa nalesi sifo. Ngokunjalo, lesi sihlahla asikwazi ukusungula amasimu ukuze sisakazeke ngenxa yesimo saso sokukhula, ngoba asilinywa ndawonye, uma singalinywanga sixutshwe nezinye, ngenxa yezizathu zokuzivumelanisa nezinye izici.
Ukuqoqwa kwembewu
Kusukela eminyakeni eyi-12 kuya kweyi-15, ukubonakala kwezimbali nezithelo zayo kuqala, phakathi kwezinyanga zika-Okthoba noNovemba, bese ukuthela kwayo kwenzeka phakathi kukaMashi no-Agasti. Ukuvuthwa kwezithelo zawo kwenzeka phakathi kwezinyanga zikaZibandlela noJanuwari, ngakho-ke imbewu yayo iqoqwa ezinyangeni zikaFebhuwari kuya ku-April, ukuvuthwa kwayo kwenzeka ezinyangeni eziyisi-6 kamuva.
Ukuthola imbewu yayo, izithelo zayo ziqoqwa esihlahleni seMahogany ngokwaso, lapho zibhekwa njengezinsundu ngokukhanyayo. Ngenxa yokuphakama kwamagatsha nezithelo, abaqoqi kufanele basebenzise izinto ezikhethekile ukuze bagibele esihlahleni. Ukuthatha izithelo ezivuthiwe, umqwali noma umqoqi usika izithelo egatsheni ngokucophelela okukhulu ukuze angadali umonakalo esihlahleni. Ngokocwaningo, ukukhiqizwa kwezithelo kuphakathi kuka-125 kuya ku-148 kilos esihlahleni ngasinye. Ngenkathi ngesihlahla ngasinye, kutholwa imbewu engu-3,8 kuya ku-4,5 kilos.
Lapho kuqoqwa izithelo ze-Mahogany, ziyiswa endaweni engaphakathi ukuze zisakazwe kuseyili isikhathi esiyizinsuku ezingu-5, ukuze ziqede ukuvuthwa futhi zivuleke zodwa. Ukuze zome, zikhishwa izinsuku ezi-3 ukuze zibekwe elangeni amahora ama-4. Imbewu ikhishwa esithelweni ngezandla futhi ibekwe elangeni amahora amane. Ukuze kukhishwe amaphiko embewu, ahlikihlwa ngomshini.
Ukuhluma nokuhluma kwangaphambi kokuhluma
Isonto elilodwa noma amabili ngemva kokuhlwanyela imbewu iqala ukuhluma, futhi imbewu yokugcina iqhume ngesonto lesithupha. Ukuhluma kwembewu ye-Mahogany kwenzeka ngaphansi kwenhlabathi, okungukuthi, i-hypogeal. Amaphesenti wokuhluma kwezimbewu ahluka phakathi kuka-80 kuya ku-95%.
I-Mahogany Tree, basebenzisa ukwelashwa ngaphambi kokuhluma ukuze bazuze ukuhluma okufanayo, imbewu ifakwa emanzini okushisa asekamelweni isikhathi esiphakathi kwamahora angu-12 kuya kwangu-48. Ziqhuma ngaphambi kwezinsuku eziyi-15 futhi zifinyelele umvuthwandaba ngezinsuku ezingama-30. Ngekhilogremu lembewu, kutholakala izithombo ezingaba ngu-1.000.
ukugcinwa kwembewu
Imbewu yalesi sihlahla igcina ikhono layo lokuhluma izinyanga eziyisi-7 kuya kweziyisi-8 zigcinwe ekamelweni lokushisa, zigcinwe ezikhwameni zephepha. Uma zigcinwe esiqandisini ezikhwameni zepulasitiki ezivaliwe, zihlala zisebenza cishe iminyaka emi-4. Uma izinga lokushisa lilawulwa ku-4 °C kanye nomswakama ku-4%, amandla ayo okuhluma angahlala esebenza cishe iminyaka eyi-8.
Ukuphatha imbewu enkulisa
Ezinkulisa zingahlwanyelwa emibhedeni noma emibhedeni ehlumayo ngaphansi komthunzi, ukukhiqiza ukusikwa kwe-pseudo, noma kuhlwanyelwe ezikhwameni zenkulisa. Uma uhlwanyela ezikhwameni, faka izimbewu ezi-2 kuya kwezi-3 esikhwameni ngasinye, futhi uzibeke ku-1 kuya ku-2 wamasentimitha ukushona. Lapho izithombo zifinyelela amasentimitha angama-30 ukuphakama, esikhathini esiyizinyanga ezi-5 kuya kweziyi-12.
Ukutshala
Lapho zitshalwe endaweni eqondile, kufanele kucatshangelwe: ukujula okwanele kokutshala isithombo se-Mahogany ngamasentimitha ayi-15 kuya ku-30. Amasimu e-Mahogany akufanele abe yi-monoculture, kufanele atshalwe kanye nezinye izitshalo ezikhula ngokushesha njenge: Guanacaste, Genízaro, Teak, Leucaena kanye nezinye izinhlobo zehlathi.
Ngenhloso yokuhlinzeka ngomthunzi ezihlahleni ezincane zeMahogany kanye nokulawula ukuhlasela kwe-bud borer. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi azinakutshalwa nezihlahla zikagamthilini, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lesi sihlahla siwuhlobo olukhonyayo futhi sikhula ngokushesha. Umthunzi okhiqizwa izihlahla zikagamthilini ezitshalweni zeMahogany ungacindezelwa. Izithombo zeMahogany kumele zitshalwe izitshalo ezi-5 kuya kweziyisi-6 kwesinye isihlahla sohlobo lwe-Mahogany, kuzo zombili izinhlangothi.
ukuphathwa kwamasimu
Umhlabathi kufanele ulungiswe futhi kutshalwe ukhula phakathi neminyaka yokuqala engu-3 yokutshala. Ngonyaka wokuqala emva kokutshala, ukhula kufanele lulawuleke kahle kakhulu ngoba luzwela kakhulu ukuncintisana nezinye izitshalo eziwukhula. Isakhiwo kufanele siphathwe sisonke sengathi zonke ziyizinhlobo ezifanayo. Kuphakanyiswa ukuthi zonke kube yizihlahla zamapulangwe.
Kubaphathi bawo, ukuncishiswa kufanele kwenziwe, inhloso kuwukuzuzisa ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu abangcono kakhulu esiqeshini kanye nokukhiqiza iziqu ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Kunconywa ukuba izacise izihlahla ezinkundleni kuze kube yilapho kutholakala isilinganiso sezihlahla ezingama-200 kuya kwezingama-300/ha. Isivuno sensimu singumthamo ophakathi kuka-7 kuya ku-11 m3/ha/unyaka.
Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo
Isihlahla sikaMahogany (I-Swietenia macrophylla) njengezinye izinhlobo zomndeni we-meliaceae, isengozini yokuhlaselwa inundu, ebizwa nangokuthi i-meliaceae borer (I-Hypsipyta grandella). Lesi zinambuzane sinolaka kakhulu eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila kwezihlahla zeMahogany (Swietenia sp.) kanye nomsedari (cedrela odorata). Ngenxa yalokho, kubangela umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni ezingeni le-nursery kanye namasimu ezihlahla ze-mahogany ezisencane.
Ngenxa yalokhu, uhla lokusatshalaliswa kwaleli bhu lebhorer, lisuka eningizimu yeFlorida, lidlulela eCaribbean, Central kanye naseNingizimu Melika (elifana nokusatshalaliswa kwe-borer moth). I-Swietenia i-macrphylla), amasimu kaMahogany axutshwa nezinye izinhlobo zezihlahla, ngenhloso yokulawula ukuba khona kwaleli bhu. Ibhu le-meliaceae borer lihlasela ihlumela lezithombo ze-Mahogany, libulale izitshalo.
Lezo ezisindayo kungenxa yokuthi Izihlahla ze-Mahogany, njengempendulo ye-physiological, zenza i-apex entsha noma i-apical bud, nokho, lokhu akuwusindisi ekulimaleni okulandelayo yile bhu, kusukela ngenkathi iSihlahla se-Mahogany silinganisa ngaphansi kuka-2 kuya ku-2,5 ukuphakama, singakwazi bahlaselwe I-Hypsipyta sp., ngoba indiza ifike kulokho kuphakama. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izihlahla zihlaselwa uma zineminyaka emi-2 kuya kwemi-3 ubudala. Futhi okuthinta ukuthuthukiswa okuqondile kwe-shaft.
Isihlahla sikaMahogany Emlandweni
Ngolimi lwesiTupi bayibiza ngokuthi “tauba” okusho unyaka, njengoba abantu bomdabu babebala iminyaka ngamasongo, okulula ukuyibona esiqwini salezi zihlahla. Kusuka egameni elithi "tauba" kuvela igama elithi "mahogany". Igama elithi "mahogany" lisetshenziswa ezifundeni ezinqotshwe abaseSpain. Ngolimi lwesiNgisi, igama elithi "mahogany" ekuqaleni lalisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela okhunini oluvela eziqhingini zaseWest Indies, ezazilawulwa amaNgisi. AmaFulentshi ayibiza ngokuthi “acajou”.
Ngokwenye incazelo, igama leSihlahla seMahogany ngesiNgisi elithi “mahogany” libonakala lingabizwa kahle igama elithi “m’oganwo”, okuyindlela abantu bezizwe zamaYoruba nama-Ibo aseNtshonalanga Afrika abalibiza ngayo lapho bebhekisela kulo. izihlahla zohlobo ekhaya, izihlahla ezihlobene nohlobo I-Swietenia sp.
Kungenzeka ukuthi ngolimi lwesiNgisi bayinike igama elithi "mahogany", ngoba izigqila zase-Afrika ezalethwa eJamaica, zabiza izihlahla ezikhula esiqhingini saseJamaican ezifana nalezo ezazizazi e-Afrika, ngokuthi "m'oganwo", Lokhu ukuhumusha akuqinisekisiwe, akekho omunye ongaphika, ngoba akwaziwa ukuthi isihlahla sikaMahogany basibiza ngani”, abomdabu. i-arawak, Evela ejamaika.
Encwadini ethi America eyabhalwa uJohn Ogilby, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1671, kulapho leli gama livela khona okokuqala ngqa encwadini yesiNgisi. "i-mahogany". Izazi zemvelo ezingamaNgisi kanye nezazi zezitshalo zazikholelwa ukuthi kwakuwuhlobo lomsedari, njengoba isazi sezitshalo uCarl Linnaeus wawuchaza ngokuthi Cedrela Mahagoni ngo-1759. Kwathi ngonyaka olandelayo, ngo-1760, isazi sezitshalo uNikolaus Joseph von Jacquin wasichaza ngohlobo olusha, olubizwa ngokuthi. Swietenia mahagoni.
Phakathi nengxenye yesithathu yokuqala yekhulu le-1836, wonke ama-mahogani ayesabhekwa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezifanayo, ngaphandle kokubandlulula umehluko wekhwalithi kanye nokunye okubonwayo kuye ngohlobo lwenhlabathi nesimo sezulu. Kuze kube ngo-XNUMX, isazi sezitshalo saseJalimane uJoseph Gerhard Zuccarini, sicwaninga izitshalo eziqoqwe ogwini lwaseMexico iPacific, sathola uhlobo olusha olwasinika igama lesayensi elithi U-Swietenia uyazithoba.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-1886 ngonyaka ka-XNUMX, kwahlonzwa ngokuthi I-Swietenia macrophylla, lapho-ke kubika, uhlobo lwesithathu lwalolu hlobo, isazi sezitshalo uSir George King, lapho sihlukanisa izibonelo ze-Honduran mahogany, eyayitshalwa njenge-ex situ ezingadini zezitshalo eCalcutta, eNdiya.
Njengamanje ukunikezwa kwe-mahogany yangempela kuvela emasimini ase-Asia alolu hlobo Swietenia mahagoni y I-Swietenia macrophylla, eyalinywa futhi yavunwa eNdiya, eBangladesh, e-Indonesia naseFiji e-Oceania, eyethulwa emazweni athile ezwekazi lase-Asia ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1990, lapho kwakukhona umkhawulo wokukhishwa kwe-mahogany evela eMelika. Zombili lezi zinhlobo ziye zajwayela kahle kakhulu futhi ziyalinywa futhi zivunwe ngempumelelo enkulu emazweni ase-Asia.
I-CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), ibala zonke izinhlobo zesihlahla soMahogany (I-Swietenia sp.) ezikhule endaweni yazo, ngenxa yokuba sengozini kwalezi zinhlobo ezindaweni eziphuma kuzo. Ngakho-ke, kufanele babe ngaphansi kombuso wokuvikela.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ze-mahogany
Lapho abantu abahlukene bezinhlobo zohlobo I-Swietenia Zikhula eduze komunye nomunye, ziwelana kalula, zithole ama-hybrids. Njengoba kunjalo nge-hybrid phakathi S.mahagoni y S. macrophylla, ibaluleke kakhulu futhi itshalwe ngekhwalithi enhle yezinkuni zayo. Ezinye izinhlobo ezibizwa ngokuthi i-mahogany, ezinamagama ahlukene ezentengiselwano, njenge Philippine Mahogany, ukukhonjwa kwisayensi yezitshalo negenera ogwini, futhi I-Dipterocarpus, izinkuni zalezi zihlahla zibizwa ngokuthi "Lauan" ne "Meranti".
Uhwebo lwe-mahogany
I-Wood yayingomunye wemikhiqizo yokuqala yaseMelika eyabamba ukunaka kwabanqobi baseYurophu lapho bezinza e-West Indies. Encwadini ye-Hispaniola, ngekhulu le-XNUMX, yabhalwa umFulentshi u-Alexandre Olivier Exquemelin, indlela abantu bomdabu ababezakha ngayo izikebhe ngokhuni lwe-mahogany noma imisedari.
Waveza: ... abantu bomdabu bakha izikebhe, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokusebenzisa amathuluzi ensimbi, ukuthola izinkuni zesihlahla bazishisa phansi kwesihlahla, futhi balawula ikhandlela ukuze kungashi okunye kuleyo ndawo. … ESanto Domingo, isonto lombhishobhi linesiphambano sangonyaka ka-1514, esakhiwe ngokhuni lweSihlahla SeMahogany.
Ngonyaka ka-1584, kwaqala ukwakhiwa kwe-Escorial Monastery, futhi ngokusobala lowo owagunyaza ukusetshenziswa kokhuni lwe-mahogany ekubazeni okungaphakathi kwalendlu yezindela kwakunguPhilip II waseSpain ngokwakhe. Kumelwe kuphawulwe ukuthi ngonyaka ka-1622, ukhuni lweSihlahla Sakwa-Mahogany, ubukhosi obubodwa, lwamenyezelwa eHavana, eCuba, ukuba lusetshenziselwe ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi kuphela. Ngokubuka lesi simemezelo, izinkuni zeMahogany Tree ezincane kakhulu zavezwa zisuka eMelika ziye ezwenikazi laseYurophu.
Ekoloni laseFrance eSanto Domingo, okuyiHaiti yanamuhla, ukugawulwa kwezihlahla ze-mahogany ezamila kuleso siqhingi cishe zalethwa eFrance, futhi ngokunokwenzeka zasetshenziswa ngendlela elinganiselwe cishe ngawo-1700, ababazi baseBordeaux, eSaint- Bad, La Rochelle futhi Nantes. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emakoloni angamaNgisi aseJamaica naseBahamas, inani labantu baseMahogany Tree lalijabule, nokho ukuthunyelwa kwaso kwamanye amazwe kwenziwa kusukela ngonyaka we-1700.
Ukuhweba kwayo ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili
Ngokungafani namandla eSpain naseFrance, okwathi phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, kwavimbela kakhulu ukuhweba ngokhuni lwe-mahogany, emakoloni abo aseMelika. AmaNgisi eziqhingini ezaqoqwa amaNgisi, asebenzisa ithuba lokudayiswa kokhuni lwe-mahogany, lapho iPhalamende LaseBrithani ngo-1721 likhipha amalungelo okungenisa amahlathi ahlukahlukene ukusuka emakoloni awo eMelika kuya eGreat Britain.
Lokhu kwakhulisa ukuhweba ngezingodo kusukela e-West Indies, ikakhulukazi ukuhweba ngezingodo zeSihlahla se-Mahogany, kakhulu. Ngokusho kwamarekhodi ngonyaka we-1740, ukungeniswa kwezinkuni ze-mahogany ezingena eGreat Britain, zabika mayelana ne-525 TN (mathani), lokhu ngaphandle kokucabangela idatha yokungenisa evela eScotland, ngoba amarekhodi abo enziwe ngokuhlukana. Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva ngo-1750, kwabikwa i-3.688 TN futhi ngo-1788 yakhuphuka kungazelelwe yaba ngaphezu kuka-30.000 TN, okuwumbiko omkhulu wokuhweba we-Mahogany wekhulu le-XNUMX.
Ngokufanayo, ukuthunyelwa kwezinkuni ze-mahogany kwamanye amazwe kwanda kakhulu, ngokomthetho ka-1721, kusukela eWest Indies kuya emakoloni amaNgisi eNyakatho Melika. Ngawo-1760s, cishe zonke (90%) zezinkuni zeMahogany ezithunyelwa eGreat Britain zathunyelwa zisuka eJamaica. Lolu godo lwalusetshenziswa kakhulu ababazi baseBrithani ekwenzeni ifenisha. Inani elincane laphinde lathunyelwa ezwenikazi laseYurophu.
Inqwaba yokhuni lwe-mahogany nayo yathunyelwa isuka esiqhingini saseJamaica yayiswa eNyakatho Melika. Nakuba kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi inani elikhulu kunawo wonke lokhuni lwe-mahogany olungeniswe eNyakatho Melika lwavela eBahamas, ukuze kwenziwe ifenisha. Igama lezentengiselwano lalolu godo lithi Providence Wood, Igama elibekwe yichweba elikhulu laseBahamas. Nabo bayayibiza ukhuni, igama leSihlahla SeMahogany eBahamas.
Omunye umthombo obalulekile wezinkuni owawuhwebelwa amaNgisi kwakuyi-Río Negro kanye nendawo ezungezile yaseCosta de los Mosquitos (ingxenye yeHonduras namuhla), lapho kwathunyelwa khona inqwaba yokhuni lwe-mahogany kusukela ngo-1740. Igama lezentengiselwano lalolu godo kwakungu "Roatan Mahogany" (igama lesiqhingi lapho livela khona), lokhu kuxhashazwa kwakuyichweba eliyinhloko lokuhweba lwalezi zinkuni olwandle oluphakeme lwabafika baseNgilandi.
Kusukela eMpini Yeminyaka Eyisikhombisa, phakathi neminyaka ka-1756 kuya ku-1763, uhwebo lwama-mahogany lwaba noshintsho olukhulu. Izinkuni ze-Mahogany zaqala ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe zivela kwezinye izingxenye zeMelika. Ukuthunyelwa kwezinkuni ze-mahogany ezivela eCuba kwaqala, okwathola igama lezentengiselwano le-Cuban mahogany noma IHavana. Ngokushesha lokhu akuzange kudayiswe kancane ngoba kwakubhekwa njengokhuni olusezingeni eliphansi.
Owaziwayo iSpanishi mahogany o i-mahogany yaseSanto Domingo, kusukela ku-Free Ports Law ka-1766. Inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinkuni ze-mahogany elathunyelwa ngaphandle lalivela eHonduras, ukhuni. I-BaywoodEkuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, abakhi bamakoloni baseBrithani babekhuthele kakhulu bexhaphaza iYucatan eseningizimu, ngisho nokuphikisa kweSpain, eyayithi inamandla kuyo yonke iMelika Ephakathi.
AmaNgisi axhaphaza eningizimu yeYucatan, okokuqala ukusika kwezwe Izinkuni ze-Campeche, ukuthola udayi obomvu. Babezinze eBelize East Place, okwakuyisikhungo sabo sezentengiselwano. NjengeSivumelwano SaseParis ngo-1763. Umkhiqizo abawuthumela kwamanye amazwe, ngaphezu kokhuni lwe-mahogany, wawungu Izinkuni ze-Campeche, kodwa yagcwala ngokushesha imakethe futhi amanani ehla. Akwenzeki okufanayo ngentengo yokhuni lwe-mahogany.
Indawo yokulondoloza esebenzayo ye-Jamaican Mahogany Trees yagawulwa ngo-1790, futhi lokhu kwaholela emakethe yama-mahogany ehlukene ibe imithombo emibili eyinhloko ye-mahogany, umthombo oshibhile futhi osezingeni eliphansi waseHonduran, kanye ne-mahogany. ukhuni. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, iFrance yathenga i-mahogany eSaint Domingue (iHaiti yanamuhla) kanti amanye amazwe aseYurophu athenga i-mahogany eGreat Britain.
I-Mahogany ngemuva kwe-French Revolution
Ngemva kweNguquko YaseFrance nezinye izimpi ezaba khona, banikeza ithuba lokuhweba ngokhuni lwe-mahogany, njengoba amakoloni aseFrance naseSpain eMelika ayelahlekelwa, kwakusho ukuthi ukuhweba kwamaNgisi kwafinyelela ezindaweni ezazingavunyelwe ngaphambili, njengeSanto Domingo neCuba. . Izinkuni zeMahogany ezivela eCuba naseSanto Domingo zaqala ukufika eYurophu, eNyakatho Melika futhi ikakhulukazi iGreat Britain. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, baqala ukuxhaphaza ezinye izifunda zokugawulwa kwemithi zaseMexico, eGuatemala nakwamanye amazwe aseMelika Ephakathi, kuze kufike ePanama.
Ngekhulu le-80.000, ukuxhashazwa kokhuni lwe-mahogany kwafinyelela intuthuko enkulu kakhulu. Ibikela iGreat Britain inani eliphakeme kakhulu lezinkuni lika-1875 TN ngonyaka we-1880. Kusukela ngo-XNUMX, i-mahogany yohlobo (ekhaya spp), nayo evela emndenini wakwaMeliaceae, yaqala ukuthunyelwa isuka eNtshonalanga Afrika futhi kusukela ngekhulu lama-XNUMX yazibeka kuleyo makethe.
Ngonyaka ka-1907, inani eliphelele lokhuni lwe-mahogany olungeniswe emakethe yaseYurophu lwaluyi-159.830 TN, lapho u-76% uvela eNtshonalanga Afrika. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinkuni ezivela eCuba, eHaiti nakwezinye izindawo emazweni aseMelika zaqala ukuntuleka ngosayizi bezentengiselwano. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, zombili izinkuni ze-mahogany ezivela eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu zase zibhekene nesimo esifanayo.
Umthethonqubo we-CITES
I-Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), ifakwe ku-Appendix II izinhlobo zezilwane. U-Swietenia uyazithoba ngo-1975, ngemva kwalokho S. mahagony ngo-1992. Nakuba izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu S.macrophylla, Yavele yavela ku-Appendix III ngo-1995 yabe isithuthela ku-Appendix II ngo-2003.
I-CITES ilawule izinhlobo eziningana zokhuni ezivela ku-Mahogany Trees, ngenxa yokugawulwa kwezihlahla ngokweqile emahlathini anomswakama kanye namahlathi asezintabeni ezihlala emathafeni, okuthinta lezi zindawo zemvelo. Amazwe amaningi emhlabeni asayine lo mthethonqubo owenqabela ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwezinkuni ze-mahogany. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi ziwukhuni olwaziswa kakhulu, bayaqhubeka bengenisa lezi zinkuni ngokungemthetho. Izinhlangano zezemvelo ezifana neGreenpeace kanye ne-Friends of the Earth zicele ukuthi imithethonqubo ibe nemingcele ngokwephula imikhawulo.
Ezinye zezinkuni ezinhle kakhulu
Kuwukhuni olusebenza kalula futhi oluhlala isikhathi eside. Iveza okusanhlamvu okuqondile okuqhubekayo, futhi mahhala akwethuli izimbobo namafindo. Umbala wayo uyahluka kobomvu ngokubomvu okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ube mnyama uma usupholishiwe, ube nokukhanya okubomvu. Izinkuni ze-mahogany zezinhlobo zohlobo I-Swietenia, lapho zithuthukisiwe kahle, kuvumela ukuthola amabhodi abanzi futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu zifunwa izimboni ezihlukahlukene zefenisha.
Izinkuni zeMahogany Tree zibhekwa njengenye yezinkuni ezihamba phambili emhlabeni, ziba iphethini yokubhekisela lapho ezinye izinkuni ziqhathaniswa nokukhiqiza ifenisha. Umbala walesi sihlahla ungenye yezici zalesi sihlahla, esihluka kubomvu obumnyama, iwayini elibomvu kanye namanye ama-shades alula, kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo.
Lolu khuni lwalusetshenziselwa ukwenza ifenisha emakoloni aseMelika phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, ikakhulukazi lapho izingcweti zaseMelika zikwazi ukuba nenani elikhulu lezingodo ezitholakalayo. Namanje iwugodo olusetshenziselwa ukwakha ifenisha.
Kubhekwa ekwenziweni kwekhabhinethi ireferensi yokhuni olucolisekileyo, ngenxa yokusebenza kwalo kalula, ukubukeka kwezinkuni kanye nokumelana nezilokazane ezifana nomuhlwa nezikelemu. Ngenxa yokumelana nomswakama kanye nesisindo sawo, yayisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwezikebhe zemikhumbi. Isisindo sokhuni lwe-mahogany, olusetshenziselwa ukwakha i-keel yemikhumbi, lwasiza ekuqiniseni umkhumbi, ngokwandisa i-ballast yawo.
Izikebhe zakhiwe ngalolu khuni, ngoba alukwazi ukumelana nomswakama nokubola, isibonelo umkhumbi "i-Santísima Trinidad", owenziwe nge-mahogany yaseCuba.
Kuwukhuni olusetshenziselwa ukwakha iziginci nezinye izinsimbi ezifana namandolin nezinye izinsimbi zomculo. Lokhu kukhethwa kokusebenzisa ukhuni oluvela ku-Mahogany Tree kungenxa yamandla alo afanelekile okwenza intamo. Ngokufanayo, ngenxa yezimfanelo zabo ze-timbre, nazo zisetshenziselwa ukwenza izindandatho nezingezansi. Cishe u-95% weziginci ezisezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu zazikhiqizwa ngokhuni lwe-mahogany.
Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinkuni ziye zasetshenziswa isikhathi eside ukwenza izinsimbi zomculo ezifana neziginci zakudala noma zaseSpain, amahabhu, i-charango, ama-mandolin nezinye izinsimbi zomculo. Ithathelwe indawo izinkuni zohlobo i-dalbergia sp. Umsedari waseSpain noma umsedari waseHonduran usetshenziselwa umzimba wensimbi kanye nentamo. Ukhuni lweSihlahla SikaMahogany lusasetshenziswa ukwenza amagobolondo ezinsimbi ezifana nezigubhu zogibe nezigubhu, kanye nezinye izinsimbi ezishaywayo.
Zisetshenziselwa ukwenza izinsimbi zomculo, ngenxa yamathoni eliwanikeza izinsimbi zomculo. Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza iziginci ze-acoustic; izinhlangothi nezintamo zamagitala kagesi, nezigubhu zogibe zokukhiqiza ithoni ejulile nefudumele, ngokungafani nezinye izinkuni. Imizimba yezikhulumi zemishini yomculo yenziwa ngalolu khuni.
Ukuthandile, ngakho ngikumema ukuthi ufunde futhi: