I-Vaclav Smil: imibono yengcweti engasindisa iplanethi

Vaclav Smil, imibono engashintsha umhlaba

Indlela yabekwa yisazi sezemvelo UVaclav Smil, umcwaningi waseNyuvesi yaseManitoba, eCanada, umbhali wale ncwadi "Ukuqanjwa kanye Nokusungulwayo: Umlando omfushane we-Hype kanye nokwehluleka", lapho, ngokungabathembi labo abathembisa izinto eziqanjiwe ezingavamile nezingenakufinyeleleka, wathi “uhlu lwakhe lwezifiso” zokusindisa umhlaba, egcina izinyawo zakhe zigxilile eqinisweni. Ubhale izincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-40 kanye nama-athikili asondele ku-500 mayelana namandla, imvelo kanye nobuchwepheshe.. Ngo-2010 waqokwa njengenye ye-Top 100 Global Thinkers ngumagazini Wenqubomgomo Yezangaphandle kwathi ngo-2014 waba yiLungu le-Order of Canada. Okwe-Einaudi kushicilelwe Izinombolo aziqambi amanga. Izindaba ezimfushane zokuqonda umhlaba (2021 futhi 2023) kanye Indlela umhlaba osebenza ngayo ngempela. Amandla, ukudla, imvelo, izinto zokusetshenziswa: izimpendulo ezivela kwisayensi (2023).

“Izinto ezintsha ezibalulekile, ngokubona kwami ​​- uyachaza - zibhekisa ochungechungeni lwezinkinga okufanele sizilungise ngokushesha. Bagxile izindawo ezizoba nomthelela omkhulu enhlalakahleni yabantu kanye nemvelo nalapho sekuvele kunengcebo yolwazi okungakhelwa phezu kwayo.”

Yini ngempela oyidingayo njengamanje?

Lahla izibaseli zokuthutha futhi kulokhu udinga amabhethri amakhulu, asebenza kahle kakhulu ukugcina ugesi owanele wezinto zokuhamba: lithium ion amabhethriAsetshenziswa namuhla ukunika amandla izimoto zikagesi, omakhalekhukhwini, amakhompyutha aphathekayo, nezinye izinto zikagesi eziphathwayo, okwamanje ziyinketho yakho engcono kakhulu. Uhlobo olungcono kakhulu emakethe lunokuminyana kwamandla okungu-755 Wh/l, futhi okwamanje, i-Californian Amprius Technologies ithuthukisa isizukulwane esisha samabhethri e-lithium akwazi ukugcina u-1150 Wh/l.

Kungani amabhethri e-lithium ion esetshenziswa kakhulu?

Ake sithathe amabhethri e-lithium-ion kumabhayisikili kagesi njengesibonelo:

Amabhethri e-LITHIUM ION (Li-Ion) manje asewubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni wamabhayisikili kagesi kusukela, ngenxa yawo. isilinganiso samandla nesisindo, singahamba amabanga amade ngokushajwa okukodwa, yehlisa ngo-60% isisindo samabhethri okuhola akudala.

Ziyakwazi ukuzikhulula okuphansi kakhulu futhi azinakho lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "umphumela wenkumbulo" ngenxa yokushajwa njalo. Iyunithi yokulawula yangaphakathi (i-BMS) ilawula i-voltage yeseli ngayinye kuzo zombili izigaba zokukhipha nokushaja, ukuze ingalimazi lonke iphakethe lebhethri.

Ukudonswa kwempi phakathi kwamandla

Kodwa nokho, naphezu kokuthuthukiswa, ukuminyana kwamandla amabhethri kuhlala kungaphansi kakhulu kwalokho okuphehla uketshezi okusabusa kakhulu kwezokuthutha: uphethiloli ufinyelela ku-9600 Wh/l, uphalafini wejethi 10.300 Wh/l. udizili kanye no-10.700 Wh/l. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kwenzeke ukuvala igebe phakathi kokuminyana kwamandla amabhethri nezibaso ezimbiwa phansi.

Eminyakeni engu-50 edlule, ukuminyana okukhulu kwamandla amabhethri asetshenziswayo kukhuphuke ngokuphindwe kahlanu. Uma sigcina leli zinga iminyaka engu-50 ezayo, sizofinyelela ku-3750 Wh/l. Umphumela ozosiza ukuthuthwa okukhulu ngomgwaqo nasolwandle ngezimoto zikagesi futhi, nokho, ezingeke zanele ukunika amandla i-Boeing 787 esebenza ngogesi.

Amandla endumba

Mayelana nezolimo, uma ufuna ziqhubeke, inselelo ayincane. Kungumsebenzi onomthelela omkhulu kakhulu ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamanzi, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba kanye nokukhululwa komanyolo ongcolisa initrogen. Okusha okubalulekile, ngokusho kukaSmil, kungaba yikhono lokuthuthukisa izitshalo ezingadingi umanyolo wamakhemikhali (ngo-2020, umhlaba wezolimo wathola amathani ayizigidi eziyi-113, ama-40% ngaphezu kuka-2000): ziyizitshalo ezikwazi ukumunca ama-nitrate ngokwemvelo njengemifino. do, esiza ama-microorganisms e-symbiotic anamathele ezimpandeni. Ukhiye kungaba ukuhlukanisa izakhi zofuzo ze-legume ezivumela ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen futhi zidluliselwe ezitshalweni zokusanhlamvu nemifino.

i-photosynthesis ekhiqizayo

Sidinga futhi i-photosynthesis ekhiqiza kakhulu - izitshalo azisebenzi ngempela ekuguquleni amandla elanga abe yi-biomass. Ingxenye kuphela yemisebe yelanga efinyelela esitshalweni ingasetshenziswa kuyi-photosynthesis ngokwayo., iphesenti elehlela ku-44% ngemva kokukhipha ukukhanya okuboniswa amaqabunga. Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo, ekugcineni kulinganiselwa ukuthi u-4,5% kuphela wamandla elanga aguqulwa abe ama-carbohydrate.

Ngakho-ke, ngisho nokuthuthuka okuncane kungenza umehluko omkhulu ezivunweni zezitshalo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ekutholakaleni komhlaba wonke kokudla ukuze kondle ngokwanele inani labantu elingafinyelela izigidigidi eziyi-10.000 ngo-2050. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo kufanele lusebenzele thuthukisa inqubo ye-biomass synthesis, ngokwesibonelo, ngokuthola izakhi zofuzo ezenza izimpande ziphumelele ngokwengeziwe ekuqoqeni amanzi nezakhi, bese zizifaka kuyi-DNA yazo zonke izitshalo ezibhekwa njengezithakazelisa. Kuzodingeka futhi ukukhetha izitshalo ezinesivuno esiphezulu futhi ezikhula ngokushesha.

Inkohliso ye-Vaclav Smil kanye nezinhlelo zokuzihlanza ze-photovoltaic

Amandla avuselelekayo, afinyeleleka kuwo wonke umuntu. USmil ucabanga ngezinhlelo zokuzihlanza ze-photovoltaic, engasetshenziswa njengopende ezindongeni nanjengengilazi emafasiteleni ezakhiwo. Amasistimu we-Photovoltaic, aguqula amandla elanga abe ngugesi, angafakwa kunoma iyiphi indawo enelanga. Izinguqulo ezithuthuke kakhulu zigcina ukusebenza kwazo okungenani iminyaka engama-20.

Ngakho-ke okuhle kungaba ukukhapha amadolobha ngalezi zinhlelo, dlahla izingubo ze-photovoltaic ukufaka isicelo kunoma iyiphi indawo yasemadolobheni, ukwethula ugesi okhiqizwa kumanethiwekhi endawo. Ngokwemvelo, kuwumdlalo wokudlala uma lezi zilayini zibuye zizihlanze, ngakho zihlala zisebenza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Sisondela ephusheni likaVaclav Smil: amafasitela elanga aphehla ugesi asevele emakethe. Isibonelo esingokomfanekiso inkampani yase-Pilkington, ekhiqiza amafasitela azihlanzayo ama-photocatalytic awo ahambisana nokukhanya kwelanga ukuze aphule futhi ancibilikise ukungcola. Isinyathelo esilandelayo kuzoba ukwenza lezi zinto zokusebenza zithengeke futhi zivumelane nezimo, zifinyeleleke kuwo wonke umuntu.

Ukuqala kwengilazi ye-photovoltaic...

La umlando wengilazi ye-photovoltaic yaqala eminyakeni emithathu edlule, lapho ithimba labacwaningi abavela eMnyangweni Wezesayensi Yezinto ezibonakalayo e- Inyuvesi yaseMilano-Bicocca waphumelela emsebenzini okungenzeka kwabaningi ubonakale uyinganekwane yesayensi. Ithimba limemezele ukufika kwengilazi ye-photovoltaic, ekwazi khiqiza ugesi ngokukhanya .

Lolu hlobo lwesistimu yelanga lungahlanganiswa ngaphandle komthungo ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezinkulu nangaphezulu. Umehluko ngengilazi engenalutho ulele ekungezeni kwe izinto ezibonakalayo ezisebenzayo , ama-nanosphere abamba ukukhanya futhi akukhiphe kabusha njengamandla. Amapuleti ashuthekwa ku-a ungqimba oluthathu olucwebezelayo oluphindwe kabili futhi uqinisekise ukugqunywa kwe-thermo-acoustic kanye nokuvikelwa kwedivayisi ye-photovoltaic endaweni ezungezile.

Yiziphi izinzuzo zamafasitela e-photovoltaic?

IWindows ngengilazi PV kuhlanganisiwe nikeza izinzuzo eziningana, empeleni, ziyizakhiwo uzinzile impela, ngaphandle komthelela omubi ekuphikiseni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanciphisi ngokweqile imisebe yemvelo yekhaya, ngoba bayaqinisekisa kuze kufike ku-80% obala. Ngokuphambene nalokho, baqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, benziwa nge Izinto zemvelo, yiba nezindleko eziphansi futhi uvumele ukonga okukhulu kwamandla ekhaya lakho.

Yiziphi izingozi zengilazi ye-photovoltaic?

Njenganoma yimuphi umkhiqizo, ingilazi ye-photovoltaic nayo inezinkinga zayo. Lesi sakamuva singabonakala ngokwemibandela ye ukusebenza kahle , empeleni uhlelo lwendabuko lwe-photovoltaic lungaqondiswa futhi lutshekiswe ngokusho kwemisebe yelanga. Amafasitela e-Photovoltaic, noma kunjalo, njalo ume uqonde futhi lesi sikhundla sinciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla uma kuqhathaniswa nesistimu yephaneli yakudala.

amapulasitiki aluhlaza wangempela

Sidinga nopulasitiki “oluhlaza” ngempela. Ukukhiqizwa kwamapulasitiki emhlabeni wonke kusondele kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-400 ngonyaka, cishe wonke aphelela ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu. Ingxenye encane kuphela egaywa kabusha futhi ngenxa yalokhu, u-Smil uyaphawula, kuyodingeka ukukhiqiza ipulasitiki ebolayo ngempela esikalini sezimboni kanye nezinqubo ezingabizi kakhulu, isibonelo, ezenziwe ngezinto ezilahlwayo noma ezikhiqizwa amagciwane.

umkhuhlane weplanethi

Ngokumelene nomkhuhlane weplanethi - kunezela isazi - akunqatshelwe ukuthi, ngolunye usuku, kuyodingeka siphendukele "esikhumbeni esikhulu selanga", esifakwe emkhathini futhi esikwazi ukuphambukisa phakathi kuka-1 no-2% wokukhanya kwelanga. Lo mgoqo bekuzodingeka upakwe endaweni eqhele ngamakhilomitha acishe abe yizigidi eziyi-1,5, endaweni ephakathi kweLanga noMhlaba lapho amandla awo adonsela phansi akhanselana khona ukuze isakhiwo sihlale endaweni ezinzile. Okwamanje, leli yithemba eliyimpikiswano futhi elibizayo futhi uSmil ukubheka "njengehlaya" ukudlala uma ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 kungancishiswa ngokwanele.

Kepha akupheleli lapho kuVaclav Smil...

Ukuqamba okusha okuphuthumayo nokungenzeka akugcini lapha, kuphetha uSmil. Incwadi yakhe kuhloswe ngayo ukuthi ibe yi-akhawunti ezolile yokuthi ubuchwepheshe kanye nobuciko bungaba nesinqumo kanjani ekuxazululeni idrama yamanje: ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu.