Isikhathi eside, izazi zefilosofi nabalobi babecabanga ukuthi iplanethi yethu yayingumkhumbi ohamba olwandle lwezinkanyezi, uzulazula olwandle olumnyama nolumnyama lwamaphuzu akhanyayo nakhanyayo. Kodwa ngaphansi kokubuka okuthile, ezinye izazi zefilosofi zaqaphela ukuthi kwakukhona into ethile engavamile esibhakabhakeni; okungukuthi, kwakuyizinkanyezi ezifanayo ngesikhathi esithile. Ngakho-ke, kwavela imibono eminingi mayelana nendawo yonke yethu, kodwa bewazi ukuthi imithala yakhiwa kanjani?
Indawo yonke yethu ibilokhu ikhula njalo selokhu yasungulwa nge- Big Bang . Izinkulungwane zezinkanyezi nezinhlelo zelanga zakhiwa ngokwemithetho efanayo eyayilawula ukwakheka kwesimiso sethu selanga; ezinye ziyafa, kanti ezinye zidliwa yimigodi emnyama emikhulu.
Nakuba iNdawo Yonke njengoba siyazi iqukethe izigidigidi zemithala, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi leli nani empeleni liphansi kakhulu ngobukhulu bayo nokuthi kunemithala eminingi kakhulu kunaleyo ebonwe kuze kube manje, ngoba kunzima kakhulu ukubona imithala emincane kakhulu nebuthakathaka kakhulu, kodwa nakakhulu ukuyibala.
Imithala ingaba yindilinga noma ibe isicaba
Imithala iyizinhlelo ezinkulu zezinkanyezi, amafu egesi, amaplanethi, uthuli, kanye nezinto ezimnyama—90% yezinto ezakha umthala—ezijikeleza phakathi nendawo ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi asebenza kulezi zinto. Igama elithi "umthala" livela emcabangweni wesiGreki, owawuthi ukuzalwa komthala kubangelwa amaconsi obisi achithelwa endaweni yonke ngunkulunkulukazi uHera ngenkathi enika indodana yakhe uHercules ukudla.
Ngokusho kwezifundo ezanyatheliswa ngo-2016, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezinkanyezi okungenani eziyizigidigidi ezimbili endaweni yonke ebonakalayo— izigidi ezimbili , okuphindwe kayishumi kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili. Lokhu kuchaza ubukhulu kanye nokuhlukahluka kwalezi zidalwa zasezulwini ezinkulu. Uma unesithakazelo kulesi sihloko, qhubeka ufunda: AMAQINISO AYI-12 AYI-AMANGALISAYO NGENYAZI! ZIHLOLE!
Yiziphi izakhi ezakha imithala?
Imithala yakhiwe imizimba eminingi.
Izinkanyezi
Ziyizimbulunga ezikhanyayo ze -plasma ezigcina isimo sazo ngenxa yamandla azo adonsela phansi. Inkanyezi eseduze kakhulu noMhlaba yiLanga.
Izinkanyezi ezakha imithala zivame ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi imiphakathi. Uma ungathanda ukufunda kabanzi ngalokhu kuhlukaniswa, ungabheka isihloko mayelana nezici zemithala kanye nohlobo lwemithala.
Iqembu elibizwa ngokuthi i-Population I lakhiwe yizinkanyezi ezincane kakhulu ezakhiwe ngelanga, ezisatshalaliswa cishe emizuliswaneni eyindilinga kudiski yomthala, ngaphakathi kwezingalo zalo.
Izinkanyezi ze-Population II ziningi nge-hydrogen ne-helium, zinokuntuleka kwezinto ezisindayo, zindala, futhi zinemizila engekho ngaphakathi kwendiza yomthala.
Amaplanethi
Iplanethi, ngokwencazelo eyamukelwe yi-International Astronomical Union, ingumzimba wasezulwini ojikeleza inkanyezi noma insali yezinkanyezi, futhi inobunzima obanele bokudonsa kwayo ukuze inqobe amandla omzimba aqinile, okubangela ukuthi ithathe isimo se-hydrostatic equilibrium, noma cishe esiyindilinga. Lezi zidumbu zinemizila emikhulu futhi azikhiphi ukukhanya kwazo.
Umhlaba uyisibonelo seplanethi ecishe iphelele, ekwazile ukukhulisa impilo, futhi sesisondela ekuboneni umkhawulo wendawo yonke. Uma ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngendawo yonke nezimfihlakalo zayo, sikumema ukuthi ufunde ngokwakhiwa kwemithala nezinkanyezi.
uthuli lwe-cosmic
Lolu uthuli lwasemkhathini, oluhlanganiswe nezinhlayiya ezincane kuno-100 µm. Umkhawulo we-100 micrometer unikezwa njengomphumela wezincazelo ezihlongozwayo ze-meteoroid.
Indaba emnyama
Lolu uhlobo lwendaba oluhambisana no-27% we- matter-energy yendawo yonke, futhi akuwona amandla amnyama, i-baryonic matter (indaba evamile) noma i-neutrinos. Igama layo libhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi ayikhiphi noma yiluphi uhlobo lwemisebe kagesi.
Yonke imizimba eyingxenye yomthala inyakaza ngenxa yokukhangana okuphakathi kwayo ngenxa yomphumela wamandla adonsela phansi, uNewton awuchaza ngokuthi amandla adonsela phansi asemhlabeni wonke. Ngokuvamile, kukhona nokunyakaza okubanzi kakhulu okwenza yonke into ijikeleze phakathi nendawo.
Umkhathi wakhiwe yimizimba ehlukahlukene, ezalwa, iguquke futhi ife.
Imizimba eyakha imithala ihlanganiswa amandla adonsela phansi
Imithala inemvelaphi kanye nokuvela kwemvelo Imithala yokuqala yaqala ukwakheka eminyakeni eyisigidigidi emva kwe-Big Bang, njengoba kwenza izinkanyezi ezakhayo.
Lezi zinhlelo zezinkanyezi ezinkulu zinokucushwa noma izimo ezine ezihlukene: i-elliptical, spiral, lenticular, kanye ne-irregular. Umbono othize onemininingwane eyengeziwe uchazwa ngenxa yokulandelana kokubuka kwesathelayithi ye-Hubble. Lolu hlelo, oluthembele kuphela ekubukekeni okubonakalayo, alunaki ezinye izici, njengezinga lokubunjwa kwenkanyezi noma umsebenzi we-galactic nucleus, ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuzoba banzi kunaleli fomu elifushane elichazwe.
Umzamo wokuqala wokuchaza ukuma kweMilky Way wenziwa nguWilliam Herschel ngo-1785, ngokubala ngokucophelela inani lezinkanyezi ezindaweni ezahlukene zesibhakabhaka. Umthala wethu, iMilky Way, ungoweQembu Lendawo lezinkanyezi ezingaba amashumi amane nesithupha ezibuswa yiMilky Way kanye ne-Andromeda Galaxy.
Lolu hlelo lwezinkanyezi luseceleni kweqoqo elikhulu eliqukethe cishe imithala engu-5. Leli qoqo elikhulu, nalo, lingelinye iqembu elikhulu lemithala eliqoqwe laba yimizimba emincane nethambile. Ukuze uhlole lesi sihloko kabanzi, ungavakashela isihloko mayelana ne-Andromeda Galaxy.
Nakuba izinkanyezi nemithala kubanjwe ndawonye ngamandla adonsela phansi, kuyahlukahluka ngezindlela eziningi, kokubili ngokwekhwalithi nangobuningi. Isibonelo esilula salokhu ukuthi nakuba izinkanyezi eziningi ziyindilinga , njengoba sizibona esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku, imithala ikhona ngezimo eziningi: kusukela kuyindilinga ngokuphelele kuya esicaba ngokuphelele. Ngiyakumema ukuthi ufunde kabanzi ngemithala ye-lenticular.
Ukwakheka kanye nokuvela kwemithala kungenye yezindawo ezithakazelisayo kakhulu zocwaningo futhi kudonsele imali enkulu kososayensi bezinkanyezi. Izinkolelo-mbono ezithile zemithala manje sezamukelwa kabanzi. Ukulingisa kwekhompyutha kanye nokubala kuye kwabikezela izakhiwo zamanje kanye nokusatshalaliswa okubonwe emithalazweni okwaziwa ngokuningiliziwe.
