Sekuyisikhathi eside izazi zefilosofi nababhali becabanga ukuthi iplanethi yethu iwumkhumbi odabula olwandle lwezinkanyezi ezizulazula olwandle oluminyene nolumnyama lwamaphuzu agqamile futhi acwebezelayo, kodwa ngokubuka okuthile, ezinye izazi zefilosofi zaqaphela ukuthi kukhona okukhethekile esibhakabhakeni, okungukuthi, kwakuyizinkanyezi ezifanayo, ngakho-ke zaziyizinkanyezi eziningi ngesikhathi esithile, kodwa wawazi mayelana nesikhathi sethu?yakhiwa kanjani imithala?
Umkhathi wethu ukhula njalo usuka emqaleni wawo ngokusebenzisa i- Big Bang. Izinkulungwane zezinkanyezi nezinhlelo sonozungezilanga zakhiwe umthetho ofanayo lapho isimiso sethu sonozungezilanga kwakhiwa ngaso, abambalwa bayafa kanti abanye bazidla emigodini emikhulu emnyama.
Nakuba Umkhathi njengoba siwazi unezinkulungwane zezigidi zemithala, kungenzeka ukuthi leli nani empeleni alibukelwa phansi ngobukhulu balo nokuthi kukhona. eminye imithala eminingi kunalokho engiye ngakwazi ukukubona kuze kube manje, njengoba kunzima kakhulu ukubona imithala emincane nemincane kakhulu, kodwa ngisho nangokwengeziwe ukuyibala.
Imithala ingaba yindilinga noma ibe isicaba
Imithala iwuhlelo olukhulu lwezinkanyezi, amafu egesi, amaplanethi, uthuli, nezinto ezimnyama Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye ezinto ezakha umthala azungeza isikhungo sawo ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi owasebenzisayo kulezo zakhi eziwunikeza isimo. Igama elithi "galaxy" livela ku- ukukhulelwa kwesiGreki, eyathi ukuzalwa komthala kwabangelwa amathonsi obisi achitheke endaweni yonke unkulunkulukazi uHera ngenkathi esondla indodana yakhe u-Hercules.
Ngokwezifundo ezishicilelwe ngo-2016, kulinganiselwa ukuthi okungenani kunemithala eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili, izigidi ezimbili endaweni yonke ebonakalayo, okungukuthi, izikhathi eziyishumi kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili. Kusukela lapho siyaqaphela ubukhulu balezi zindikimba zasemkhathini ezinkulu nokuthi zingaba ngobukhulu nezimo ezihlukahlukene. Uma unentshisekelo kulesi sihloko, funda okulandelayo: 12 IZINKOSI EZINGAMANGAZI ZENYANGA ZIBHEKE!
Yiziphi izakhi ezakha imithala?
Imithala yakhiwe imizimba eminingi.
Izinkanyezi
Ziyindilinga ekhanyayo ye i-plasma egcinayo ukuma kwayo sibonga amandla ayo adonsela phansi. Inkanyezi eseduze kakhulu noMhlaba yiLanga.
Izinkanyezi ezitholakala zakha imithala ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa zibe amaqembu amabili amakhulu, ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi imiphakathi. Uma ufuna ukujula emininingwaneni mayelana nalokhu kuhlukaniswa, ungabheka isihloko esithi izici zemithala futhi i i-typology yemithala.
Iqembu lafona labantu I yakhiwe izinkanyezi zokwakheka sonozungezilanga, ezisanda kuqhathaniswa, ezisatshalaliswa emigudwini ecishe ibe yindilinga kuyi-galactic disk, ngaphakathi ezingalweni zayo.
Izinkanyezi inani labantu II Ziningi nge-hydrogen ne-helium, nokushoda kwezinto ezisindayo, zindala, futhi zinemizila engekho ngaphakathi kwendiza yomthala.
Amaplanethi
Iplanethi, ngokwencazelo eyamukelwa yi-International Astronomical Union, indikimba yasezulwini ezungeza inkanyezi noma insalela yayo, inqwaba eyanele ukuze amandla ayo adonsela phansi anqobe amandla omzimba oqinile, ukuze athathe umumo ku-hydrostatic equilibrium, noma ake sithi, eyindilinga. Le mizimba inokubusa kwe-orbital futhi ayikhiphi ukukhanya kwayo.
Umhlaba uyisibonelo seplanethi ecishe iphelele, njengoba ikwazile ukwenza ukuphila, futhi sisondela ekuboneni umkhawulo wendawo yonke. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngendawo yonke nezimfihlakalo zayo, sikumema ukuthi ufunde mayelana ukwakheka kwemithala nezinkanyezi.
uthuli lwe-cosmic
Lolu uthuli lwasemkhathini, oluhlanganiswe nezinhlayiya ezincane kuno-100 µm. Umkhawulo we-100 micrometer unikezwa njengomphumela wezincazelo ezihlongozwayo ze-meteoroid.
Indaba emnyama
Lolu uhlobo lwendaba oluhambisana no-27% we- matter-energy yendawo yonke, futhi akuwona amandla amnyama, i-baryonic matter (indaba evamile) noma i-neutrinos. Igama layo libhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi ayikhiphi noma yiluphi uhlobo lwemisebe kagesi.
Yonke imizimba eyingxenye yomthala inyakaza ngenxa yokukhangana okuphakathi kwayo ngenxa yomphumela wamandla adonsela phansi, uNewton awuchaza ngokuthi amandla adonsela phansi asemhlabeni wonke. Ngokuvamile, kukhona nokunyakaza okubanzi kakhulu okwenza yonke into ijikeleze phakathi nendawo.
Umkhathi wakhiwe yimizimba ehlukahlukene, ezalwa, iguquke futhi ife.
Imizimba eyakha imithala ihlanganiswa amandla adonsela phansi
Imithala inemvelaphi kanye nokuvela kwemvelo Imithala yokuqala yaqala ukwakheka eminyakeni eyisigidigidi emva kwe-Big Bang, njengoba kwenza izinkanyezi ezakhayo.
Lezi zinhlelo zezinkanyezi ezinkulu zinokucushwa noma izimo ezine ezihlukene: i-elliptical, spiral, lenticular, kanye ne-irregular. Umbono othize onemininingwane eyengeziwe uchazwa ngenxa yokulandelana kokubuka kwesathelayithi ye-Hubble. Lolu hlelo, oluthembele kuphela ekubukekeni okubonakalayo, alunaki ezinye izici, njengezinga lokubunjwa kwenkanyezi noma umsebenzi we-galactic nucleus, ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuzoba banzi kunaleli fomu elifushane elichazwe.
Umzamo wokuqala wokuchaza ukuma kwe-Milky Way wenziwa ngu UWilliam Herschel ngo-1785, sibala ngokucophelela inani lezinkanyezi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zesibhakabhaka. Umthala wethu, i-Milky Way, uyingxenye Yeqembu Lendawo cishe lemithala engamashumi amane nesithupha ephethwe yi-Milky Way kanye ne-Andromeda Galaxy.
Lesi simiso senkanyezi sisonqenqemeni lwe-a super conglomerate ehlanganisa cishe imithala eyizi-5 XNUMX. Leli qoqo elikhulu nalo, lingelenye inyunyana esabekayo yemithala eqoqene yaba imizimba emincane futhi ebushelelezi. Ukuze uhlole kabanzi ngesihloko, ungavakashela isihloko esithi i-Andromeda Galaxy.
Nakuba izinkanyezi nemithala kubanjelwe ndawonye amandla adonsela phansi, ziyehluka ezicini eziningi zekhwalithi nenani. Isibonelo esilula salokhu ukuthi ngenkathi iningi izinkanyezi ziyindilingaNjengoba siyibona esibhakabhakeni ebusuku, imithala iza ngezindlela eziningi, isuka eyisiyingi iye kweziyisicaba. Ngikumema ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana imithala lenticular.
Ukwakheka nokuvela kwemithala kungenye yezindawo zocwaningo ezithakaselwa kakhulu futhi okuholele emazingeni amakhulu okutshalwa kwezimali phakathi kwezazi zezinkanyezi. Okuthile i-galactic hypothesis kakade zamukelwa kabanzi. Ukulingisa kwekhompyutha kanye nekhompyutha kuye kwabikezela izakhiwo zamanje nokusabalalisa okubonwa emithala eyaziwayo, ingasaphathwa eyokujula okukhulu.
