Abaningi bethu bayengwe ngokuphelele ubuhle be izithombe ze-nebulae ukuthi izibonakude zesimanje zikwazile ukuthwebula iminyaka embalwa.
Kodwa ama-nebulae awakona nje ukwakheka okuhle okufanele kubhekwe, anikeza nolwazi oluningi mayelana nemvelo yemithala.
Ukuqonda ubunjalo be-nebula kuyisiqalo esihle sokuqala ukufunda isayensi yezinkanyezi, njengoba iqukethe izakhi kanye ukukhuthaza izinqubo zamakhemikhali ezidingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe izindikimba zasezulwini njengezinkanyezi.
I-Nebulae ibe insimu yocwaningo okuxoxwa ngayo kakhulu ngezinkanyezi amakhulu eminyaka, cishe ngemva nje kokusungulwa kwe-telescope yokuqala. Ngisho nangekhulu le-XNUMX, izazi zezinkanyezi zazazi ukuthi la maqoqo ezinto angakwazi ukuvula ezinye zezimfihlo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zendawo yonke; njengokuzalwa kwezinkanyezi.
Namuhla, amathuluzi ezobuchwepheshe, njenge-Hubble Space Telescope, asinikeze idatha enembe kakhulu esivumele ukuba sandise ukuqonda kwethu ama-nebulae: ukwakheka kwawo, izinqubo zamakhemikhali, ukubaluleka kwe-interstellar medium, njll.
Uma ungumthandi wesayensi yezinkanyezi, lesi sihloko se-space nebulae akuyona into ofuna ukuyiphuthelwa. Nokho, ngaphambi kokungena endabeni, ake sibuyekeze izinto eziyisisekelo ngale ndaba.
Ezinye izinto ezithakazelisayo zikhona ngaphakathi kwendawo yethu yonke. Ungaphuthelwa isiqephu sethu sendatshana umsuka wemigodi emnyama
Yini i-nebula?
I-Nebulae iwukwakheka kwegesi ngaphakathi kwe-interstellar medium, okungukuthi, yakha ngaphakathi kwemingcele yemithala. Zingabonwa ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwamadiski emithala ezungezayo noma kunoma iyiphi indawo kumthala ongajwayelekile (ngoba awunalo uhlelo oluchaziwe lwamandla adonsela phansi).
Akuvamile ukuthola ama-nebula anoma yiluphi uhlobo emithalani eyi-elliptical, ngoba lawa agcwele ikakhulukazi izinkanyezi ezindala kakhulu, kuyilapho ama-nebulae ehlobene nenqubo yokuzalwa kwezinkanyezi ezintsha.
I-nebula ngokuyisisekelo iyifu lamagesi aphakathi kwezinkanyezi, isici sayo esiyinhloko siyizinhlayiya ze-helium ne-hydrogen eziqoqana ezindaweni zesikhala ngenxa yomphumela wamasimu adonsela phansi ezinhlayiya.
Kodwa-ke, ama-nebulae eplanethi nawo ayingxenye ecebile kwezinye izakhi zamakhemikhali ezinzima njenge-nickel, i-iron, umoya-mpilo, i-carbon ne-silicon, ezimeni lapho zakheka khona ngemva kokuqhuma kwezinkanyezi ezinkulu ezifayo.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-nebula amaningi akhiwa kusukela ekuqhumeni kwe-supernovae, kodwa lesi yisihloko esizosichaza kamuva.
Ngokwenani lawo noma uhlobo lokukhishwa kwezinto namandla, ama-nebula angahlukaniswa abe imindeni emithathu emikhulu
Ama-nebula amnyama
Amanebula amnyama ayaziwa nangokuthi ukumuncwa nebula. Akhiwe ukunqwabelana okukhulu kothuli oluphakathi kwezinkanyezi namagesi angenawo umthombo wamandla okwazi ukwenza izinhlayiya zibe ionizing.
Zibizwa kanjalo ngenxa yokuthi azikwazi ngempela ukukhipha noma yimaphi amandla noma irekhodi elikhanyayo, nokho, ziyakwazi ukumunca ukukhanya kwamanye ama- nebula noma izinkanyezi eziseduze nazo.
Ngenxa yokuntula kwawo ama-pulses akhanyayo, ama-nebula amunca kunzima kakhulu ukuwabona ngezibonakude. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuwathola ukusebenzisa ukukhanya okusabalalisiwe kwemikhakha yezinkanyezi ezingemuva kwazo.
Mhlawumbe isibonelo esihle se-nebula emnyama i-Coalsack Nebula, esempumalanga nje yeqoqo lezinkanyezi i-Southern Cross. I-Horsehead ingenye i-nebula engakhiphi engabonwa eMhlabeni ngenxa yokuhluka okubangelwa izinkanyezi ku-Orion's Belt.
Ukubona lolu hlobo lwe-nebula kude kakhulu, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izibonakude ezikwazi ukufunda nge-infrared.
Ku-Milky Way yethu sithole ukubunjwa kwe-nebula okuhlukene okuhambisana nalesi sigaba. Nakuba zingabonakali ngokucacile, ukuba khona kwazo kutholwa amachashaza asakazekile angabonakala emaphethelweni akhanyayo omthala wethu lapho ebonwa.
Ukukhishwa kwe-nebulae
I-Emission nebulae iwumbono wangempela ongabonwa, okuyinto noma yimuphi umthandi wesayensi yezinkanyezi angathanda ukuyijabulela. Ikakhulukazi zakhiwe ngokuqoqwa okumangalisayo kwezinhlayiya ze-hydrogen, kanye ne-stardust nezinye izakhi zamakhemikhali ezifana ne-nitrogen, isulfure, i-helium, i-oxygen, i-neon, insimbi ne-carbon. Konke okudingekayo ekwakhekeni kwenkanyezi.
Ukukhanya okujulile okuvela ku-emission nebulae kuwumkhiqizo wokuguquguquka okukhulu kwemisebe ephumayo ngenxa yomsebenzi wamakhemikhali ngaphakathi kwayo, okubangelwa inqubo ye-ionization yezinhlayiya (ikakhulukazi ngenxa yenqubo yokwakheka kwezinto ezintsha. izinkanyezi).
I-nebula ekhishwayo ingahlotshaniswa nesinye sezigatshana ezimbili, ngokuya ngemvelaphi noma ubunjalo bayo.
I-Nebulae ehlobene nokwakheka kwezinkanyezi ezintsha
Amanye ama-nebulae emission yizifunda ze-intergalactic ezihlotshaniswa nezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokwakheka kwenkanyezi entsha. Izibonelo esizithola kulesi sigaba zinokugqama okukhulu kakhulu kanye nerekhodi lokukhishwa kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet enamandla kakhulu.
Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba banesibalo esiminyene kakhulu sezinkanyezi ezisencane nezishisa kakhulu ngaphakathi kwangaphakathi.
Mhlawumbe isibonelo esingcono kakhulu esingasinikeza se-nebulae esihlobene nokuzalwa kwezinkanyezi yile I-Orion Nebula, Itholakala ngaphezudlwana nje kweminyaka eyi-1200 yokukhanya ukusuka emhlabeni wethu, ngesandiso seminyaka yokukhanya engu-24, iwumdondoshiya oqukethe amaqoqo ezinkanyezi aphelele namanye ama-nebulae amancane ngaphakathi kwawo.
I-Nebulae ehlobene nezinkanyezi ezifayo
Lesi sigaba saziwa kabanzi ngokuthi iplanethi iNebulae, naphezu kokuthi abanalo uhlobo lobudlelwano namaplanethi aziwayo kuze kube manje.
I-nebula yeplanethi iwumkhiqizo wokunwetshwa kwamagesi e-ionized kanye nenani elikhulu le-plasma elikhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuwa kwenkanyezi enkulu ebomvu. Okusho ukuthi, lapho inkanyezi iba i-supernova.
Ukukhanya kwe-plasma nezinhlayiya ze-ionized ziyakwazi ukukhipha inani elikhulu lemisebe, ngakho zikhanya kakhulu, nokho, wonke la mandla aqukethwe yimvilophu yamagesi.
Ama-nebula eplanethi ngokunokwenzeka awuhlobo olubonwa futhi olufundwa kakhulu lwe-nebula kusayensi yezinkanyezi ngenxa yokuthi asisize saqonda inqubo yokugaywa kabusha kwezinto ezilawula indawo yonke.
Phakathi nokuwa kwe-supernovae, babuyela endaweni ezungezile yasemkhathini inani elikhulu lamakhemikhali “abolekiwe” ayesetshenziswe ukwakha inkanyezi esesiwuqedile kakade umjikelezo wayo wokuphila futhi ezosetshenziselwa ukwakha izinkanyezi ezintsha.
I-Helix Nebula noma "Iso LikaNkulunkulu" iyisibonelo esiphelele se-nebula eyakhiwe ngokushayisana kwenkanyezi ephuzi (njengelanga lethu). Lokhu kuveza ukunwebeka okukhulu kwamagesi ane-ionized, okubuswa inkambu yamandla adonsela phansi ebuthakathaka. inkanyezi encane emhlophe.
i-reflection nebulae
I-reflection nebula iphinde ibe ifu lothuli le-interstellar, noma kunjalo, kulokhu ayikwazi ukukhiqiza amandla anele ukuze i-ionize izinhlayiya ezingaphakathi kwayo, ngakho-ke ayikhiqizi ukukhanya kwayo. Kunalokho, libonisa amandla akhiqizwa izinkanyezi namanye ama-nebula emission aseduze.
Ukugcwala kwawo okuphezulu kwezinhlayiya zekhabhoni (ngendlela yothuli lwedayimane) kungesinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani ama-nebula ekhanyayo akwazi ukusabalalisa ukukhanya okuseduze okuvela kwezinye izindikimba zasezulwini.
Njenge-emission nebulae, zenziwe ngothuli oluningi lwe-interstellar nezinhlayiya ze-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-silicon, i-nickel, i-helium, nensimbi.
Nakuba zingakwazi ukukhiqiza ukukhanya kwazo, umphumela wokufiphala wokukhanya "okubolekiwe" kwenza kube lula ukubona i-nebulae ebonisayo ngezibona-kude zabasafufusa.
Mhlawumbe kulesi sigaba, elinye lama-nebula adumile yi-Pleiades Nebula, ifu elitholakala cishe eminyakeni engu-400 yokukhanya ukusuka eMhlabeni, okukholelwa ukuthi lakhiwe cishe izinkanyezi ezikhanyayo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezingaba ngu-500 kuya ku-1000.
Amagama ama-nebulae adumile
inkalankala nebula
I-Crab Nebula yabonwa okokuqala isazi sezinkanyezi esiyiNgisi uJohn Bevis ngo-1731. Le nebula iyisibonelo esimangalisayo i-plerion-type planetary nebula.
Yakhiwa kusukela ezinsalela ze-supernova eyabhalwa kusukela eMhlabeni ngoJulayi 4, 1054 yizazi zezinkanyezi zama-Arab.
I-Crab Nebula ikude kakhulu, i-light-year engu-6300 ukusuka emhlabeni wethu, futhi kukholakala ukuthi isakhula ngenani elingu-1500 km/s, izoqhubeka ikwenza kuze kube yilapho ikhipha yonke imfucumfucu esele enkanyezini ebhidlikile. Njengamanje, i-Crab Nebula inobubanzi obuyi-6 light years.
I-Crab Nebula yaduma ngenxa yokuthi kwakuyi-nebula yokuqala ekhishwayo eyacwaningwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukuqhuma kwe-supernova kuyinto ekwazi ukukhiqiza. amaphaphu.
I-Orion Nebula
I-Orion Nebula yaziwa nangokuthi i-Messier 42 ngokwezibalo zezinkanyezi. Lena i-nebula yohlobo olusabalale olungatholakala eningizimu nje ye-Orion's Belt yenkanyezi, eqanjwe ngalo.
Umlaza we-Orion ungowohlobo olusabalele ngenxa yokuthi, ngenxa yokwanda kwawo okukhulu, ngaphakathi komzimba owodwa uveza izifunda ezihlukahlukene ezinezici ze-nebula yokwandisa kanye ne-nebula ekhanyayo.
Ngenxa yokukhanya okukhulu, njengomkhiqizo womsebenzi wayo ophezulu wemisebe, ukubuka i-Orion Nebula kulula uma kuqhathaniswa noMhlaba. Lokhu kuyenze yaba enye yezinto ezithwetshulwe futhi zafundwa kakhulu ze-galaxy kuwo wonke umlando.
Ucwaningo lwayo luye lwasisiza ukuba siqonde inqubo yokwakheka kwenkanyezi entsha ngaphakathi kwe-galactic medium, ngenxa yokushayisana kwamaqoqo othuli namagesi afana ne-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo, ne-carbon. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezinye izici ze- i-galaxy, ungavakashela isixhumanisi.
I-Orion Nebula inkulu kangangokuthi iqukethe amanye ama-nebula anezici ezihlukahlukene ezifana nalezi: I-Horsehead Nebula, i-Mairan Nebula, i-M78 ne-Flame Nebula, ngaphandle kokubala amashumi ezinkulungwane zezinkanyezi ezincane.
Ukhozi Nebula
Kuyi-nebula ekhishwayo eyakhiwe Isifunda H II esinomsebenzi wokuzalwa wenkanyezi ohlaba umxhwele ngempela. Itholakala ebangeni elicishe libe yiminyaka engu-7000 yokukhanya ukusuka ohlelweni lwethu, nakuba ingabonakala ngokuningiliziwe ngenxa yezinga layo elihle lokukhishwa kwamandla.
Leli qoqo kukholakala ukuthi njengamanje linezinkanyezi ezingaba ngu-600 ezinjenge-spectral, futhi ukugxila kwalo okuphezulu kwe-hydrogen yamangqamuzana kuhlale kukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwezinkanyezi eziningi.
I-Eagle Nebula iyinto ethakazelisa kakhulu ukufundwa kwezazi zezinkanyezi futhi isidume kakhulu ngabayizimfundamakhwela ngoba ngaphakathi kwayo kukhona “Izinsika Zendalo”, iqoqo elikhulu lamagesi aphakathi kwezinkanyezi abangela ukuzalwa kwezinkanyezi ezintsha ngesilinganiso esishesha kakhulu. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana ne- ukwakheka komthala kanye nenkanyezi, vakashela isixhumanisi.
I-Cat's Eye Nebula
Bheka nje isithombe esithathwe i-Hubble Space Telescope ukuze umangale ngokuphelele nge-Cat's Eye Nebula.
Iso Lekati ingesinye isibonelo se-nebula yeplanethi. Lokhu kwakhiwe kusukela ekuweni kwenkanyezi enkulu kumlaza we-Dragon futhi kwatholwa ngo-1786 nguWilliam Herschel.
I-nebula yeso lekati isiphenduke into ebalulekile yocwaningo lwesayensi yezinkanyezi ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi obuphezulu besakhiwo salo sangaphakathi, into engabonakala ngeso lenyama ngokubuka nje esinye sezithombe zalo.
Ngaphakathi ungabona ukugxila okukhulu kwamandla okukhanya okuphezulu, amajethi e-plasma nezinto zezinkanyezi, konke kuzungeza inkanyezi encane, encane kakhulu emaphakathi yohlobo lwe-spectral, okukholakala ukuthi ikhanya ngokuphindwe ka-10.000 kunelanga lethu.
I-Cat Eye iyi-nebula encane kakhulu, njengoba ososayensi bekholelwa ukuthi ngenxa yobukhulu bayo bamanje, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga lokunwetshwa kwendaba yalo, ingaba neminyaka engaba yinkulungwane kuphela ubudala.
