I-cork oak iyisihlahla esiphakathi nendawo esivame emahlathini aseMedithera futhi sidabuka eYurophu naseNyakatho Afrika. Saziwa kakhulu nge-cork esiyenzayo, esetshenziswa kaningi, futhi esivame kakhulu ukusetshenziswa ezitsheni zokuphuza utshwala. Sonke sikhiphe ibhodlela le-champagne ngamandla emcimbini othile, futhi lokhu sikubongela ngenxa yalesi sihlahla esiqinile nesiphila isikhathi eside, esikwazi ukuphila iminyaka engaphezu kweyi-100 noma engama-200.
Uma ufuna ukwazi ukuthi iyini i-cork oak futhi ufunde kabanzi ngalo muthi oyigugu, sikumema ohambweni oluhambahambayo ezweni lezitshalo nomlingiswa wethu oyinhloko, i-cork oak.
Iyini i-oki kakhokho? imvelo nokusabalalisa
I-cork oak (Quercus suber) iyisihlahla esihlala siluhlaza esiphakathi nendawo, esidabuka emahlathini aseMedithera, esivela eYurophu naseNyakatho Afrika . Sisabalale kabanzi kwezinye izindawo zomhlaba ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu yokuvuna amagxolo aso, lapho kukhishwa khona i-cork eyigugu kakhulu. Isihlahla esihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu, ngokuvamile siphila iminyaka ephakathi kuka-150 no-250, yize eminye i-cork oak ibhalwe ukuthi ineminyaka engaphezu kuka-500 ubudala, njenge- "Bosco di San Pietro" eCaltagirone, eSicily (e-Italy ).
Igama layo lesayensi, iQuercus suber , livela egameni lesiLatini elithi quercus , elalisetshenziswa amaRoma ukuchaza i -oki evamile ( Quercus robur ). Igama elithi suber, ngesiLatini lisho i-cork noma i-cap, yingakho i-cork oak yaziwa nangokuthi i-cork oak kanti kwezinye izindawo kuthiwa yi -chaparro noma i-cork oak , ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa ngezinhlobo ezincane.
Inegxolo eliwugqinsi neliqinile eliba likhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi uma lithole imvula enkulu, njengoba ukhokho uyisihlahla esidinga amanzi amaningi. Amagxolo awo avunwa phakathi kweminyaka engu-9 nengu-14 ubudala futhi izinga likakhokho eliwunikezayo lilingana nenani leminyaka elithathwayo ukuwakhiqiza. Ubukhulu obukhulu beqoqo busethwe ku-24mm, okuwububanzi bepulaki evamile, ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuyinhloko. Ukuze uthole lobo bukhulu obuphumelelayo, kuzodingeka ukuthi uqoqe ama-rinds angaba ngu-30mm ubukhulu, okuthi, ngemva kokucubungula, kuzoholela esilinganisweni esidingekayo.
Izihlahla ze-oki ze-cork zitshalwa kabanzi eSpain, ePortugal, e-Algeria, eMorocco, eFrance, e-Italy naseTunisia, zimboza indawo engamahektha ayizigidi ezingu-2,5. IPortugal ikhiqiza u-50% womkhiqizo we-cork emhlabeni wonke , ngakho-ke, ukugawulwa kwayo akuvunyelwe kuleli zwe, ngaphandle kwemikhuba ethile yokuphathwa kwamahlathi noma ukususwa kwezihlahla ezindala, ezingakhiqizi.
Indawo yokuhlala kanye ne-ecology
Njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni, i-cork oak iyisihlahla esivamile sehlathi laseMedithera futhi iphila nabanye abamele lolu hlobo lwemvelo, njenge-holm oak. Ngokungafani nomlingani wayo, i-cork oak idinga umswakama owengeziwe futhi ayibekezeleli kahle izimo ezibandayo, futhi ayibekezeleli ngisho ne-lime. Yingakho, lapho lezi zidingo ezintathu zingahlangatshezwa, futhi njengoba isimo sezulu siba sezwekazini, ithathelwa indawo yi-holm oak, emelana kakhulu nokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa.
I-acorn ye-oki kakhokho yenzeka ezinyangeni zikaSepthemba kuya kuJanuwari, lapho isithwathwa nemvula kuvame kakhulu, izidingo ezibalulekile zokuthuthuka kwayo.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-oki kakhokho
ESpain, i-oki ye-cork itholakala ikakhulukazi esifundeni saseMedithera esentshonalanga.
E-Andalusia sithola isibonelo esikhulu kunazo zonke seNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia futhi sitholakala epaki yemvelo yaseLos Alcornocales eCádiz. Ngokufanayo, amahlathi e-oki kakhokho e-Extremadura, eCatalonia nase-Espadán avelele, futhi eCastilla y León izindawo eziminyene kakhulu yilezo zaseSalamanca, e-Ávila naseZamora.
Ezihlakazekile ngokwengeziwe ekusakazeni, sithola ama-oki kakhokho ogwini lwaseGalician nase-Orense, kanye nasezigodini zaseSil naseMiño, lapho kunezelwa khona izinsalela zeBierzo, i-Arribes del Duero, iBurgos neValladolid.
I-oki kakhokho: isihlahla esiyigugu ngokwezomnotho
I-oki kakhokho inikeza izinsiza eziwusizo ezihambisa izizumbulu zemali emhlabeni wonke. Isithandwa kakhulu ngokhokho wayo kodwa akusona ukuphela kwensiza eyinikezayo, izithelo zayo - ama-acorns - kanye nezinkuni zayo ziyasetshenziswa.
Imboni kakhokho yaseYurophu ikhiqiza amathani angu-340.000 kakhokho ngonyaka, inani lama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-250, okumelela isilinganiso sama-€0,70 ngekhilogremu ngayinye kakhokho. Iqashe abantu abangu-30.000, kanti izivimba-wayini zenza u-15% wokusetshenziswa kukakhokho ngesisindo kanye no-80% webhizinisi.
Isikhumba
Kukholelwa ukuthi i-cork ye-oki ye-cork ingumphumela weminyaka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuvela njengesivikelo emlilweni , uma kubhekwa imililo evame ukwenzeka emahlathini aseMedithera phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo.
Ukukhishwa kukakhokho kuwumsebenzi okhethekile kakhulu futhi wenziwa njalo eminyakeni engu-9-14, kuye ngokukhiqizwa nendawo lapho ukhokho uya khona.
Ukuvunwa kokuqala kwekhoki esihlahleni kwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka engama-30 nengama-40 ubudala. Lokhu kuvunwa kokuqala kuveza ikhoki esezingeni eliphansi eyaziwa ngokuthi "bornizo." Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lolu ngqimba lokuqala luye lwaqhubeka nokukhula kwesihlahla kanye nokuqina kwaso okuqhubekayo kusukela ekuhlumeni kokuqala kuya esiqwini esivuthiwe, okuholela emifantwini ejulile egxolweni laso langaphandle kanye nama-slab ekhoki angajwayelekile—i-"bornizo." Lona ikhoki esetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa izigcawu zokuzalwa , elingisa amatshe noma izintaba . Uma "bornizo" isivuniwe, izendlalelo ezilandelayo zibonakala njalo, njengoba ukwanda okulinganiselwe kokujikeleza kwesihlahla kuncane kakhulu.
I-Cork inezindlela eziningi zokusebenzisa, kodwa okuyinhloko ngokungangabazeki ukukhiqizwa kwezitophu zamabhodlela eziphuzo ezidakayo , njengewayini, utshwala, iwayini elikhazimulayo, noma i-champagne. Ngemva kokukhiqizwa, lezi zitophu zidlula enkambisweni yokulawula ikhwalithi eqinile.
Uma imithwalo efanele ukusetshenziswa isikhethiwe, leyo enephutha kanye nezinto ezisele ze-cork zithunyelwa esikhungweni sokuvuselela kabusha lapho zisikwa khona bese zenziwa i -cork agglomerate. I-cork agglomerate isetshenziselwa ukufaka ama-capsule e-satellite , ukumboza phansi kanye nodonga , noma ukukhiqiza izicathulo nezingubo zangaphakathi.
Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo—njengokumelana nomlilo, ukumuncwa komswakama ngokwengxenye, kanye nokufakwa kwe-thermal—i-cork agglomerate inezinhlelo eziningi zokusebenza, okuyenza ifaneleke kakhulu ukusetshenziswa okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla.
Madera
Ukhuni lwe-oki lwe-cork luvame ukusetshenziswa ekwenzeni amalahle, yize lungasebenzi kahle njengalolo olutholakala ku-oki we-holm.
ama-acorns
Isithelo se-cork oak yi- acorn , eyaziwa nangokuthi i-acorn noma i-land . Ziyababa, ngakho azisetshenziswa ekudliweni ngabantu. Kodwa ziwusizo: izilwane ezikhuluphalisayo , ikakhulukazi izingulube zase-Iberia, inyama yazo emnandi ibangelwa ukudla kwazo ama-cork oak acorn, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Ngokuvamile, ama-acorns asetshenziselwa ukondla izilwane ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ezingulube kuya ezinyoni, njengama-cranes ebusika ngenxa yokudla kwawo okuphezulu kwe-caloric.