Abantu abaningi bavame ukukhomba izinhlobo ezahlukene zemithala ekhona , njengoba ukufunda nokunquma izimo zale mithala ehlukahlukene kube yinto ephindaphindwayo yokutadisha ezinkulungwaneni zokuhlola kuwo wonke umlando. Kulesi sihloko, ngizokukhombisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zemithala ekhona.
Ngale ndlela, ukuxoxa ngemvelaphi yezimo ze -galaxy kungumbuzo abaningi bethu abangawubuza. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi bathi uma yonke igesi ihlangana ibe yizinkanyezi ngaphambi kokuba ibe nesikhathi sokwenza idiski, iba umthala we-elliptical. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bachaza ukuthi uma igesi inesikhathi sokuzinza ibe yidiski ngaphambi kokuba zonke izinkanyezi zihlangane, iba umthala we-spiral. Uma ungathanda ukufunda kabanzi ngezici ezijwayelekile ze-galaxy, ungafunda ngezici ze-galaxy.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eminye imithala ye -elliptical yakhiwe imithala eminingana ehlangene. Ucwaningo lwemithala ye-altare lukhombisa ukuthi imithala ye-spiral yayivame kakhulu esikhathini esidlule kunanamuhla; ngakho-ke, mhlawumbe okwakuyimithala ye-spiral manje sekuyi-elliptical.
Kunoma ikuphi, lesi yisayithi elihlolisiswa ngenkuthalo. Ubunzima buseqinisweni lokuthi iningi lesisindo semithala alibhekiselwanga, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu kithi ukuqonda ukuguquguquka kokwakheka kwemithala. Ungafunda kabanzi ngokwakhiwa kwemithala esihlokweni esichaza indlela imithala nezinkanyezi ezakha ngayo.
Imibuzo yezigaba zegalaksi
Ukuxoxa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zemithala kuyisihloko esithakazelisayo, njengoba ukuqonda imvelo yazo kudinga kuqala ukuphenya ngezigaba zazo. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuhlobene nokumelwa kwesikhungo semithala (ukuhlelwa kwezinkanyezi enkabeni yomthala) kanye nediski (ukusatshalaliswa kwezingalo ezijikelezayo zomthala). Uma ungathanda ukufunda kabanzi ngezinhlobo zemithala endaweni yonke, qhubeka ufunda.
Ama-Spiral, njengoba igama lawo lisho, anama -disk amakhulu kanye nezikhungo ze-galactic ezinobukhulu obujwayelekile . Ama-elliptical empeleni ayizikhungo ze-galactic ezingenawo ama-disk. Ama-Irregular awanakho ukumelwa okulinganayo, noma isikhungo, noma ama-disk abonakalayo.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zemithala ekhona?
Ngokusho kwe-telescope ye-Hubble, ku- Milky Way singathola izinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zezinkanyezi, okuyilezi:
1.Umthala okweqanda
Uhlobo olulodwa oluvamile umthala we-elliptical, njengoba igama lawo lisikisela, onesimo esikhanyayo se- ellipse . Le mithala yezinkanyezi ayiningi ngogesi nothuli futhi yakhiwe izinkanyezi ezindala, eziphuzi, ezinensimbi ephansi—ngamanye amazwi, izinkanyezi ze-Population II. Kucatshangwa ukuthi yonke imithala yezinkanyezi emikhulu ye-elliptical inembobo emnyama enkulu kakhulu enkabeni yayo yomthala. Lesi yisihloko esithakazelisayo esingahlolwa kabanzi ngomongo wokuthi imigodi emnyama yakheka kanjani.
Izici zomthala oyi-elliptical
Imithala ye-elliptical iyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokukhanya, ubukhulu, kanye nomthamo, kusukela kumithala emincane ye-spheroidal encane, enezici ezifana nezeqembu le-globular, kodwa ecebile kakhulu nge-dark matter. Izici zayo ezivamile yilezi:
Okusheshayo kwe-angular engekho noma okungabalulekile.
Ukuntuleka noma inani elincane lezinto eziphakathi kwezinkanyezi ( igesi nothuli ), ukungabikho kwezinkanyezi ezincane, ukuntuleka kwezinqwaba ezivulekile (ngaphandle kokungalingani okuqondile njenge-NGC 1275).
Ukubuthana Kwezibani Ezimaphakathi
Kulezo "eziyisikwele" kukhona ukuntuleka kokuhlangana kokukhanya phakathi kwazo kuyilapho lezo "ezitholakalayo" zinokuhlangana kokukhanya okwengeziwe lapho.
Izibalo ze-Stellar
Nakuba ezokuqala zakhiwe izinkanyezi ezindala ezinengcebo enkulu yezinto ezishajiwe , kokugcina akukho inzuzo enkulu noma akukho nhlobo yezinto ezinjalo futhi izinkanyezi zazo zisencane (hhayi kakhulu).
imithombo yamaza omsakazo
Izinkanyezi ezi-elliptical " zesikwele " ngezinye izikhathi zibamba imithombo ekhiqiza ukubonakaliswa kwamagagasi omsakazo aqinile; emithalakeni eyindilinga lokhu kuyinto engavamile kakhulu.
eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Eyokuqala ivame ukuba negesi eshisayo engatholakala ngenxa yokubonakaliswa kwayo kwe-X-ray, ikakhulukazi kweyemikhulu; kweyokugcina kuyivelakancane kakhulu ukuba negesi enjalo.
Amaqoqo e-globular nemithala yesathelayithi
Imithala emikhulu ye-elliptical ivame ukuba nesimiso samaqoqo e-globular, ama-nuclei amabili, kanye nenani elikhulu lemithala yesathelayithi. Enye incazelo engaba khona yi-galactic cunnibalism, okungukuthi, ukumuncwa komthala omncane ngumuntu omkhulu; isibonelo, i-Milky Way yethu yaziwa ngokuthi "iyagaya" imithala embalwa emincane namuhla.
Umsuka womthala oyi-elliptical
Isithombe esivamile sezinkanyezi ezi-elliptical siziveza njengezinkanyezi lapho ukudalwa kwezinkanyezi kwaphela khona ngemva kokuqhuma kokuqala, manje kukhombisa izinkanyezi ezindala kuphela.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva luthole amaqoqo ezinkanyezi ezincane, eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngaphakathi kweminye imithala ye-elliptical, kanye nezinye izakhi ezingakhiwa ukuhlanganiswa kwemithala. Kulo mbono omusha, umthala we-elliptical uwumphumela wenqubo ende lapho imithala embalwa emincane, yanoma yiluphi uhlobo, ishayisana futhi ihlangane ibe nkulu. Uma unesithakazelo kumthelela lokhu kuhlanganiswa okunawo emithala ye-galaxy, ungafunda isihloko ngezinhlobo zemithala ye-galaxy kanye nokwakheka kwayo.
Kunezindlela ezintathu lapho umthala we -elliptical ungatholakala khona ngokushayisana phakathi kwemithala emibili yangaphambilini: ukuhlangana izazi zezinkanyezi ezivame ukukubiza ngokuthi kumanzi, lapho kukhona igesi ebandayo eningi kanye nokuqhuma kwezinkanyezi, kanye nokunye okubizwa ngokuthi komile, lapho kungekho gesi noma kuyindlala kakhulu ngakho-ke ukwakheka kwezinkanyezi okuncane kakhulu noma akukho nhlobo.
Uhlobo lokuqala luveza umthala we-elliptical " ofana nediski " , kanti owesibili uveza umthala we-elliptical "ofana nesikwele". Isibonelo esihle kakhulu sohlobo lwesibili, esibonwe ngosizo lwe-Spitzer Telescope, yilokho okwenzekayo eqenjini lomthala we-CL0958+4702, cishe iminyaka yokukhanya eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu ukusuka kumthala wethu, lapho imithala emine emikhulu ihlangana khona ukuze yakhe umthala we-elliptical omkhulu kakhulu ozungezwe yi-halo enkulu eyakhiwe yizigidigidi zezinkanyezi ezikhishwa ngesikhathi sokuncibilika.
Indlela yesithathu ihilela umthala ojikelezayo odle yonke igesi yawo ngokwakhiwa kwezinkanyezi noma olahlekelwe ngezinye izindlela, waba umthala ojikelezayo. Kulesi sikhala, ukushayisana nokungena kwemithala emincane —okuyinto uma kwenzeka umthala ojikelezayo engeke ibe namphumela, njengoba ukwakheka kwezinkanyezi okubangelwayo kuzonciphisa umonakalo obekezelelwa yidiski yomthala—ekugcineni kubhubhisa idiski yomthala ojikelezayo, kuyiguqule ibe umthala ojikelezayo.
Kukholelwa ukuthi yonke imithala emikhulu ye-elliptical inembobo emnyama enkulu kakhulu enkabeni yayo.
2. Umthala osobhokweni
Lolu hlobo lomthala lune-nucleus noma i-bulge eyakhiwe yizinkanyezi ze-Population II (ezindala, eziphuzi-orenji, futhi ezine-metallicity ephansi), kanye ne-disk enegesi eningi ephakathi kwezinkanyezi kanye nothuli. Lokhu kuholela ekwakhekeni kwezinkanyezi ezincane, eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, nezine-metallic kakhulu (izinkanyezi ze-Population I), okwandisa inani lezingalo ezijikelezayo, ezidalwa njengamagagasi okushaqeka ngenxa yokujikeleza okuhlukile kwe-disk yonke ye-galactic. Ungathola ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nendlela imithala eyakhiwe ngayo kulesi sihloko esithakazelisayo.
Empeleni, imithala ejikelezayo ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu: Imithala evamile ejikelezayo kanye nemithala evaliwe (enezinkanyezi ezigijima phakathi kwe-nucleus).
3. I-Lenticular Galaxy
Ukuthi hlobo luni lwemithala ekhona ngumbuzo ovame kakhulu, ngakho-ke ngizokwethula komunye: umthala wemithala we-lenticular . Le mithala inesimo se-nucleus enediski, kodwa ayinazo izingalo ezijikelezayo. Yakhiwe ngezinkanyezi ezindala, ezinensimbi ephansi kanye negesi encane ephakathi kwezinkanyezi noma uthuli. Ukuze uqonde kangcono umehluko phakathi kwalezi nezinye izinhlobo, bheka isihloko mayelana nemithala ye-lenticular.
Zihlukile emithalazweni e-elliptical ngoba zinediski, ngokungafani nalezo ezazibonisa i-nucleus ecishe ibe yisicaba. Futhi zihlukile emithalazweni ejikelezayo ngoba idiski iyafana, okungukuthi, ayinazo izingalo zezinkanyezi ngenxa yamandla ahlangene akhiqizwa ukunyakaza okuxhumene kwezinkanyezi eduze kwe-nucleus yomthala.
Izinkanyezi ze-Lenticular zivame ukutholakala kumaqoqo ezinkanyezi acebile, ngokuvamile njengezandiso zezinkanyezi ezijikelezayo. Kubonakala sengathi zake zaba yizinkanyezi ezijikelezayo ezalahlekelwa igesi yazo ngokungqubuzana negesi efudumele ye-intergalactic egcwalisa isikhala se-intergalactic , noma ngokusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi neminye izinkanyezi (okuholela ekuqhumeni kwezinkanyezi okubangela ukulahlekelwa yindawo yazo yasezulwini kanye nokwanda kwe-bulge yayo ephakathi). Thola okwengeziwe ngezinkanyezi ezimfushane esihlokweni esihambisanayo, esingatholakala ngaphansi kwezinkanyezi ezimfushane.
4. Imithala engajwayelekile
Umthala ongajwayelekile ungumthala ongenaso isimo esichaziwe. Lawa magalaksi awayindilinga, awayindilinga, futhi awayindilinga . Amanye amagalaksi angajwayelekile ayimithalaksi emincane ejikelezayo ephambukiswe amandla adonsela phansi omakhelwane onamandla kakhulu.
Ngakho-ke qaphela izinhlobo zemithala ekhona emthaleni wethu omkhulu nomangalisayo we-Milky Way.
