I-pantheon yamaMayan iwumbukiso omkhulu wonkulunkulu abaye bakhulekelwa ezindaweni eziningi zaseMesoamerica. Kodwa akuwona wonke amadolobha aseMeya ayekhulekela onkulunkulu abafanayo, hhayi ngegama elifanayo okungenani, kodwa ngomfanekiso ofanayo, kunjalo Yum Kim unkulunkulu wokufa kanye nomlingiswa oyinhloko walesi sihloko Yazi!
Ubani u-Yum Kimil?
U-Yum Kimil, owaziwa nangokuthi u-Ah-Puch, ungunkulunkulu wokufa, ukungabi khona kokukhanya, isiphithiphithi, nenhlekelele, kodwa futhi uhlotshaniswa nokuzalwa kabusha, ukuzalwa kwezingane, nokuqala.
Ngokusho kwamaQuiche Maya, wabusa iMictlan noma i-Xibalba, kuyilapho amaMaya aseYucatec emethula njengomunye wamakhosi amaningi e-Xibalba. Iqiniso liwukuthi yayinendawo ebalulekile endaweni yokwesaba, indawo engaphansi.
Lo nkulunkulu uhlotshaniswa no-Cizen, u-Yom Cimil / u-Yum Cimil, nakuba lapho ebizwa ngokuthi i-Cizen, kuyacaca ukuthi wayecatshangwa ngendlela emnyama kakhulu kunokwejwayelekile.
I-Yum Kimil ingelinye lamagama amaningi ahlotshaniswa nenkosi yokufa enkolweni yasendulo yamaMaya, kodwa okuxakayo yayihlobene nokubeletha nokuqala, hhayi nje ngenhlekelele nobumnyama.
Igama kanye ne-etymology
Lawa amanye amagama aqokwa ngawo lo nkulunkulu weqembu lamaMayan, owaziwa kakhulu futhi wesatshwa kwezinye izici yilaba bomdabu basendulo:
- oh phu
- Hun Ahau
- into
- hunahau
- Yum Cimil, iNkosi yokufa.
- Kuma Hau
- Cizin noma Kisin
- Igama elithi Ah Pukuh lisetshenziswa kakhulu naseChiapas.
Kungani unkulunkulu uYum Kiml ethola amagama ahlukene?
Amadolobha aseMaya ake athatha isifunda manje esiyiYucatan, iQuintana Roo, iCampeche, iTabasco, neChiapas eMexico naseningizimu edlula eGuatemala, eBelize, e-El Salvador naseHonduras.
Akubona bonke onkulunkulu ababekhulekelwa kuzo zonke izifunda zedolobha lamaMaya ezinegama elifanayo, nokho, ngokuvamile babenencazelo efanayo noma umfanekiso, okungukuthi, uhlobo lukankulunkulu nokuthi lowonkulunkulu wayemelelani kubantu kubonakala sengathi yaziwa emhlabeni wonke noma okungenani kuso sonke isifunda.
Isibonelo salokhu singabonakala emagameni ahlukene amaMaya ayevame ukuwabiza ngokuthi umhlaba ongaphansi, isibonelo, amaQuiche Maya aseningizimu ayebiza umhlaba wabo ophansi ngokuthi iMitnal kuyilapho amaYucatec Maya asenyakatho ebiza indawo efanayo ngokuthi iXibalba.
Nakuba amagama ayehlukene, izici zaleli zwe elimnyama lokufa kanye nokwesaba imiphefumulo ngokuvamile okwakumelwe idlule kukho ngemva kokufa, zazifana.
Esinye isibonelo yizinganekwane zokudala, kumaQuiche, kwakukhona onkulunkulu abayishumi nantathu ababehileleke ekudalweni kwabantu kusuka kummbila, kuyilapho eYucatecan kwakukhona ababili kuphela.
Noma kunjalo, ukuziphatha nomyalezo wezinganekwane kuyefana, onkulunkulu balwela ukudala abantu njengoba nje abantu bezabalaza ukwenza indalo yabo futhi baphile. Futhi, lokho kuphila kuvela ezweni lethu, kulokhu ngesimo sommbila, ukudla okuyisisekelo nokungcwele kwemiphakathi yamaMeya, ngakho-ke, imvelo, ehlanganiswe emhlabeni, kufanele ihlonishwe futhi ihlonishwe.
Onkulunkulu babamba iqhaza kuzo zonke izici zempilo yamaMeya futhi bafuna ukujabulisa, ukujabulisa nokubahlonipha ngaphezu kwazo zonke izinto. Babeyisizinda somphakathi wabo nokuphila kwabo.
Bazama ukubalingisa nokubakhulekela, njengoba izithixo eziningi zazimelelwe ngokuphambana, omama babelenga ubuhlalu ebunzini labantwana babo ukuze amehlo abo ahlangane noma abophe amakhanda ezingane zesilisa, ukuze ande azame ukulikhubaza ngokwandisa ibunzi ngokulingisa. kwezinye zalezi zibalo.
Izingubo ezigqokwa izicukuthwane, ikakhulukazi zombusi wedolobha, zazilingisa izingubo zonkulunkulu. Indlela idolobha elalihlelwa ngayo kanye nokunemba okwakhiwa ngakho amathempeli amaphakathi kwatholakala encazelweni yendlela yonkulunkulu.
Kwakukhona onkulunkulu abangaphezu kuka-250 kunkulunkulu wamaMaya, kodwa ngenxa yokushiswa okukhulu kwezincwadi zabo nguMbhishobhi u-Diego de Landa ngo-1562, ulwazi oluningi mayelana nesiko lamaMaya, kodwa ikakhulukazi ngamaqembu abo, lwalahleka unomphela.
Umbhalo wenkolo wamaQuiche Maya, iPopol Vuh, unikeza iqoqo lamagama onkulunkulu amaMaya aseYucatec ayebazi ngamanye amagama. Abanye onkulunkulu bahlala bengaziwa, kuyilapho ukuvela kwabanye kungacacile noma kuhlanganiswe nabanye onkulunkulu noma imiqondo yobuKristu.
Iqiniso liwukuthi esikweni lamaMaya onkulunkulu babelawula yonke into, baphatha isikhathi, isivuno, babonisa umbhangqwana, bahamba nokuzalwa ngakunye futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke babekhona ekufeni.
Babengakaze babe negama elifanayo ngoba umbuso wamaMaya wawubanzi futhi wawuhlukaniswe waba yizifunda zedolobha futhi ngayinye yayingabizwa futhi imelwe ngendlela ehlukile. Abanye onkulunkulu babehlobene nezikhungo ezithile zamaMaya ikakhulukazi noma nobukhosi obabubusa idolobha ngaleso sikhathi.
Endabeni kaYum Kimil, wayaziwa ngokuthi uKitzin noma u-Ah Puch, ngesiQuechua wayaziwa ngokuthi uCimi noCizin. Izazi namuhla zimbiza ngokuthi uNkulunkulu u-A.
Izimpawu, iconography kanye art
Izethulo zamaMaya zikaYum Kimil noma u-Ah Puch zazingowohlaka lwamathambo olwalunezimbambo eziphumile futhi ikhanda lalo liwuphawu lokufa, futhi libonisa umgexo wamehlo, isibalo esivuvukele esimbozwe amachashaza amnyama esasiphakamisa isimo esithuthukisiwe sokubola. . .
Lesi sibalo sasivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezikhova, ngakho sasivezwa njengohlaka lwamathambo olunekhanda lesikhova kanye nokuhlotshiswa kwaso kwezinsimbi zegolide noma zethusi esihlala siziveza akunakunakwa. Ukulingana kwakhe kwe-Aztec kwaziwa nge-Mictlantecuhtli futhi bobabili basebenzisa izinsimbi njalo.
Lapho evezwa njengo-Cizin, wayesesimweni sohlaka lomuntu oludansa olubhema isiga futhi egqoke umgexo onyantisayo wamehlo omuntu olenga ezinzwa zakhe.
Wayebizwa ngokuthi “Onukayo” ngenxa yokuthi impande yegama lakhe isho ukuqunjelwa noma ukunuka, yingakho bathi wayenephunga elibi.” Uhlobene eduze nesithombe sikadeveli ongumKristu, ogcina imiphefumulo yabantu ababi ezweni. umhlaba ongaphansi kokuhlushwa.
Kwezinye izigcawu uChap, unkulunkulu wemvula, waboniswa etshala izihlahla kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi uCizin ezisiphula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezithombe lapho ebonakala khona enonkulunkulu wempi ezigcawini zemihlatshelo yabantu.
Izizinda ze-Yum kimil ngokwezinkomba ezishiywe amaMeya yilezi: ukufa, umhlaba ongaphansi komhlaba, isiphithiphithi nenhlekelele, ubumnyama nokungabikho kokukhanya okuphelele, ngaphezu kokubeletha kanye neziqalo.
Umlando kanye nemvelaphi ye-Ah Puch
Umsuka walobu bunkulunkulu bokufa akwaziwa, akwaziwa ukuthi uvelaphi, uma bekuhlale kuyinkosi yangaphansi komhlaba futhi uma kuyinzalo kankulunkulu othile, njengoba kubonisiwe ngenhla, ulwazi oluningi ngesiko lamaMeya yabhujiswa abameleli bezenkolo ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa nokuqoqwa kweMelika.
U-Yum Kimil noma u-Ah Puch wabusa uMitnal, izinga eliphansi kunazo zonke lezwe eliphansi lamaMaya, njengenkosi nombusi wokufa, isibalo sakhe sihlala sihlobene nonkulunkulu bempi, izifo kanye nomhlatshelo, ababehlala behlangene naye.
Kokubili ama-Aztec namaMeya ahlobanisa ukufa nama-jaguar, izinja nezikhova, ngakho lobu bunkulunkulu ngokuvamile babuhambisana nesinye salezi zilwane. Ngokumangalisayo, naphezu kokuba umuntu ohlotshaniswa nemihelo nokuzalwa, uchazwa njengophikisana nonkulunkulu benzalo.
Ubudlelwano kanye nokuzalana kukaYum Kimil
Ayikho inzalo eyaziwa ngaye, nokho, ungumyeni kankulunkulukazi u-Ixtab noma u-Xtabay futhi ubhalwe njengembangi yaphakade ye-Itzamná. Kangangoba bobabili bawukuphela konkulunkulu ukuba babe nama-hieroglyphs amabili egama labo.
Endabeni kaYum Kimil, eyokuqala iyikhanda lesidumbu esivale amehlo, eyesibili inhloko kankulunkulu enekhala elichotshoziwe, imihlathi engenasikhumba kanye nommese oyinsengetsha osetshenziselwa ukwenza imihlatshelo, lena isebenza njenge isiqalo.
izinganekwane nezinsumansumane
Okuningi akwaziwa ngezinganekwane zikaYum Kimil, nakuba ethathwa njengomunye wonkulunkulu abadala kunawo wonke endaweni yamaMayan futhi uvela izikhathi ezingaphezu kwamashumi ayisishiyagalombili emibhalweni yesandla yasendulo emithathu.
Kodwa-ke, ubizwa kuphela njengombusi waseNyakatho eNcwadini kaKilam Balam kaChumayeli. Ngenkathi esePopol Vuh ungu-Ahal Puh futhi uthathwa njengomunye wabasizi bakaXibalba nabalingani bakhe.
AmaMaya nokufa
Ngokwesiko lamaMeya, kokubili ukuphila nokufa kuyizigaba noma izingxenye zomjikelezo ogcina ibhalansi nokuzwana emhlabeni naphakathi kwamandla ayingxenye yawo, kufana nokukhanya nobumnyama, amanzi nomlilo.
Ukufa kuleli cala kwakuyisici sokubaluleka okukhulu emcabangweni wamaMayan, ngokuvamile kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kungaba umkhiqizo wesijeziso saphezulu, ngoba onkulunkulu babephazamisekile ngandlela-thile.
Lapho umuntu efa, umzimba uyayeka ukusebenza futhi umoya uyahlukana, uma uphuma kuwo umphefumulo kufanele uqale uhambo olusha. Umoya uya ezweni elihluke kakhulu kulelo owawuhlala kulo ekuphileni, indlela edlula endaweni engaphansi. Ihlukaniswe ngamaleveli ayisishiyagalolunye ehlayo ngalinye linenkosi enesibopho sokuqapha:
- Izinga lokuqala: CHICONAHUAPAN.
- Izinga lesibili: TEPECTLI MONAMICLAN.
- Izinga Lesithathu: IZTEPETL.
- Izinga Lesine: IZEHECAYAN.
- Izinga lesihlanu: PANIECATACOYAN.
- Izinga Lesithupha: TIMIMINALOAYAN.
- Izinga Lesikhombisa: TEOCOYOHUEHUALOYAN.
- Izinga lesishiyagalombili: IZMICTLAN APOCHCALOLCA
- Izinga lesishiyagalolunye: CHICUNAMICTLAN.
https://youtu.be/EngSvY_hbqE
Okokugcina nokujule kakhulu kwaziwa njengendawo lapho uYum Kimil noma u-Ah Puch ehlala khona, unkulunkulu wabafileyo, abazacile. Izindaba zamaMaya zikhomba ukuthi indawo engaphansi komhlaba ingafinyelelwa ngeminyango ehlukene emhlabeni. Kuthiwa okwakubaluleke kakhulu kwakuyimigede nama-cenotes, imigodi yemvelo kanye nemigede evame ukujula futhi ebilokhu ihlotshaniswa nendawo yokuhlala yezidalwa ezingaqondakali ezihlukahlukene.
Kubhekwa njengohambo olunzima nolubuhlungu kakhulu, amaMayans, lapho engcwaba izidumbu zabathandekayo bawo, abeka iminikelo yokudla futhi kwezinye izimo izilwane ezizobaqondisa ohambweni lwabo. Lapho umufi engowasebukhosini, izinceku nabanye besifazane babenikelwa ukuze babe khona kuye phakathi nohambo.
Babenjani ukungcwatshwa kwamaMaya? ungasweli ukudla. Bangcwatshwa ezindlini zabo noma ngemuva kwemihlane yabo, bephonsa ezinye zezithombe zabo ethuneni; futhi uma wayengumpristi, ezinye zezincwadi zakhe. (Landa, 1566).
Uma umphefumulo kamufi ufinyelela ezingeni lokugcina, okwakuwukugcina kwawo emhlabeni wabafileyo futhi unqobe zonke izithiyo, umphefumulo wawukhululeka futhi waba idlozi elivikela futhi likhulumela abathandekayo ababesaphila futhi emva kwalokho. ezweni labafileyo.
Wayekhonzwa kanjani uYum Kimil?
AmaMayans ayesaba ukufa, kakhulu kunamanye amasiko asakazeka kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica, ngakho-ke isibalo senkosi yokufa sasibhekwa njengomzingeli ongenanhliziyo oshaya izindlu zabantu abalimele noma abagulayo.
Lapho amaMayya elahlekelwa othandekayo, azinikela esikhathini sokulila nokuzila esasinzima impela, ngisho nesidlulele. Kukholakala ukuthi lapho kukhala kakhulu, u-Yum Kimil uzoshesha ukuya e-Xibalba ngenxa yokwesaba futhi angathathi omunye umuntu ahambe naye.
Uma lesi sihloko besithandeka kuwe, ungangabazi ukuxhumana nezinye izixhumanisi kubhulogi yethu: