Izikhukhula zingenye yezenzakalo zemvelo ezivame ukwenzeka noma kuphi emhlabeni, ezindaweni ezisogwini nasemadolobheni anamanzi amaningi eduze kwazo.Le ndatshana ichaza ukuthi ziyini izikhukhula, yiziphi izinhlobo zazo kanye nezici zazo. Sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda.
Ziyini Izikhukhula Nezinhlobo Zazo
Isikhukhula ukuchichima kwamanzi ngokuvamile acwilisa umhlabathi owomile. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ziyizinto eziyinhloko zokuphenywa kwegatsha lesayensi elaziwayo elibizwa ngokuthi i-hydrology. Lezi yizehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi ezivame kakhulu nezisabalele. Izikhukhula zingabukeka zihluke kakhulu ngoba zimboza noma yikuphi ukusuka kuma-intshi ambalwa amanzi kuya ezinyaweni ezimbalwa. Futhi zingavela ngokushesha noma zande kancane kancane. Ukuze uphendule kangcono umbuzo Uyini uzamcolo?, kubalulekile ukuchaza izinhlobo ezithile ezikhona.
izikhukhula zomfula
Izikhukhula zomfula zenzeka lapho izinga lamanzi likhuphuka ngaphezu kosebe lwawo. Lesi sikhukhula singenzeka kuzo zonke iziteshi zemifula nemifudlana. Lokhu kuhlanganisa yonke into kusukela emifudlaneni emincane ukuya emifuleni emikhulu emhlabeni. Izimbangela zalolu hlobo lwezikhukhula zifaka: imvula eningi evela eziphephweni ezishisayo ezenza umhlaba ube phezulu, ukuduma kwezulu okuphikelelayo endaweni efanayo isikhathi eside, imvula ehlangene nokuncibilika kweqhwa, nesithwathwa esinamandla.
Ukuchichima kwemifula kungaba ngokuzumayo noma kancane. Izehlakalo zezikhukhula zomfula zivame kakhulu emifuleni emincane, emifuleni enezigodi eziwumqansa, imifula egeleza endaweni engangeneki isikhathi esiningi sobude bayo, kanye nemigudu eyomile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izikhukhula zemifula ngokuvamile zenzeka emifuleni emikhulu enemigodi emikhulu yokukhipha amanzi. Esimeni lapho ubungazi, umgodi wokudonsa amanzi uyindawo lapho imvula iqoqa khona bese ingena emseleni ovamile.
ukuqubuka kwesiphepho
Lokhu ukukhuphuka okumangalisayo kwezinga lamanzi ezindaweni ezisogwini ngaphezu kwamazinga amagagasi avamile. Ukwengeza, kuhlale kuwumphumela weziphepho zesimo sezulu ezibanga amagagasi angaphezu kwavamile ogwini. Kunezingxenye ezintathu zesiphepho ezidala lokhu kukhukhumala: imimoya, amagagasi, nomfutho womoya ophansi. Ngalo mqondo, kuyindlela eyingozi kakhulu yezikhukhula, njengoba zingathinta ngokushesha izindawo ezinkulu ezisogwini ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Izikhukhula ezimbi kakhulu zenzeka lapho ukuqhuma kwesiphepho kwenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo namagagasi aphezulu. Lokhu kungabangela ukuqubuka kwesiphepho okungaphezu kwamamitha angu-60. Izazi zezulu zihlala zigcizelela ukuthi ukuqubuka kwesiphepho kuyisici esiyingozi kunazo zonke kunoma yisiphi isimiso sezindawo ezishisayo. Imelela usongo olukhulu kunazo zonke empilweni nasezimpahleni. Esikhathini esidlule, iye yabona imiphumela ebhubhisayo yokuqubuka kwesiphepho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlasela kwesiphepho kwabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-1.500 XNUMX phakathi neSiphepho uKatrina.
Izikhukhula Zezwekazi
Lezi zinhlobo zezikhukhula ezenzeka ezindaweni zasemadolobheni noma ezimaphakathi nezwe zibangelwa imvula engaguquki izinsuku ezimbalwa noma imvula isikhathi esifushane kodwa esinamandla. Zingabangelwa futhi ukuncibilika kweqhwa noma izindlela zamanzi ezivinjwe udoti. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, lesi simo semvelo sivame ukuba sibi kakhulu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ngaphandle kwendle eyanele noma enezinga eliphansi, ukuze amanzi anqwabelane lapho engakwazi ukugeleza. Ngakho-ke, ziwohloka nakakhulu ngenxa yemigwaqo engagandayiwe ngokwanele kanye nesikhala esiluhlaza esilinganiselwe, phakathi kwezinye izici.
Izikhukhula ezikhanyayo
Lezi zikhukhula ezinamandla ngokuyinhloko zikhiqizwa izimvula ezinamandla ngokwedlulele ezenzeka esikhathini esingaphansi kwamahora angu-6, zihambisana neziphepho zikagesi eziyingozi, nakuba zingase zenzeke phakathi nokubhodlozwa kwamadikhi, noma ngokuxhunywa kweqhwa elikhipha amanzi amaningi. Esimeni esinjalo, izinhlangano zesimo sezulu zingakwazi nokho ukunquma amathuba okuba khona kwalolu hlobo lwesigameko ngokuziphatha kwezinga lemvula kanye nenkathi yemvula, futhi ngokwezinga okungenzeka ngalo, zenze izexwayiso ezifanele.
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi lolu hlobo lwesimo lunamandla ngokwanele ukuba lubangele ama-slide amakhulu edwala, ukusiphula izihlahla, ukucekela phansi izakhiwo zazo zonke izinhlobo, kanye nokushintsha kakhulu imifula, imizila yomhlaba, phakathi kwezinye izikhala, ukucekela phansi konke okusendleleni yawo, kunikezwe ukugeleza okukhulu kwamanzi okungavala ngokuphelele izindawo zokuhlala nezohwebo.
Izimbangela Zezikhukhula
Kunezimbangela eziningi ezidala izinhlobo ezahlukene zezikhukhula, njengoba kungase kubonakale ezinkomba mayelana nezinhlobo zazo, kodwa kulula ukuzicacisa njengoba kudingekile ukuphatha lonke ulwazi olutholakalayo ukuze uqaphe futhi uvikele impilo, ikakhulukazi. Yingakho izimvula ezinamandla kuthiwe ziyimbangela evame kakhulu, ngoba uma lina kakhulu noma lenzeka ngokushesha, kuvele kungabi nandawo. Lokhu kungaholela ezikhukhuleni.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imifula namachibi aphuphumayo yikhona okusuka kuzo lezi zinhlekelele zamanzi. Kodwa-ke, akudingekile ukuthi line kakhulu ukuze kugcwale imifula, kodwa kungenzeka uma kunemfucumfucu emfuleni noma amadamu avale ukugeleza kwamanzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, enye imbangela ukwehluleka kwamadamu, njengoba ingqalasizinda endala ingahluleka lapho kufika izimvula ezinkulu futhi amazinga amanzi enyuka. Uma amadamu ephuka, adedela izifufula zamanzi emizini enganakile.
Iziphepho nama-tsunami nakho kubangela lezi zikhukhula. Iziphepho ezibangelwa izivunguvungu nezinye izinhlelo ezishisayo zingabangela amazinga olwandle akhuphuke futhi amboze izindawo ezivamile ezisogwini ezihlala amamitha ambalwa ukujula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-tsunami angamagagasi amakhulu abangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba noma ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo ngaphansi kwamanzi. Njengoba la magagasi ehambela phakathi nezwe, anda ngobude futhi akwazi ukusunduza amanzi amaningi phakathi nezwe ezindaweni ezisogwini.
Imisele enezindonga eziwumqansa nayo inembangela yezikhukhula. Izikhukhula zivame ukwenzeka lapho amanzi egeleza ngokushesha emachibini, emifuleni, nakwezinye izindawo zamanzi. Ukuntuleka kwezitshalo kungabangela izikhukhula, ngaphandle kwalokho kungasiza ukubambezela lesi simo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuncibilika kweqhwa neqhwa kungesinye isizathu esivamile sezikhukhula, ngoba lapho inani elikhulu leqhwa noma iqhwa lincibilika ngokushesha, ngokuvamile alinandawo yokuya ngaphandle kwezindawo eziphansi.
Iyini Imiphumela Yezikhukhula
Noma ngabe yiziphi izimbangela zesikhukhula, singaba nemiphumela elimazayo emphakathini wakini. Eqinisweni, izikhukhula zinemiphumela eminingi eyingozi. Ngaphezu kwengozi engokomzimba, izikhukhula zibuye zibangele izinkinga zezomnotho nezenhlalo. Umphumela omubi kakhulu wezikhukhula ukufa. Eqinisweni, izikhukhula ziyimbangela ehamba phambili yokufa esimweni sezulu esibi. Izikhukhula ziye zabulala izinkulungwane zabantu kuwo wonke umlando.
Izikhukhula ziphinde zidale umonakalo empahleni, okuhlanganisa izimoto nezakhiwo, ngokuqhumisa amafasitela, izicabha ezishanelayo, izindonga nezisekelo ezigqwalile, nokuthwala imfucumfucu ngesivinini esisheshayo. Ingasaphathwa eyefenisha nezinto ezisendlini noma zebhizinisi ezilinyazwayo uma kungena amanzi ezikhukhula. Ngokulandelayo, umthelela wezomnotho wezikhukhula ungaba yingozi emphakathini, ngenxa yokulimala nokuphazamiseka kwemibhoshongo yezokuxhumana, izimboni zikagesi, imigwaqo namabhuloho, phakathi kokunye.
Lokhu kukhubaza imisebenzi yezohwebo endaweni. Izikhukhula ezinkulu zivame ukubangela ukuphazamiseka kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwempilo evamile isikhathi eside ngemva kokuba amanzi ezikhukhula esebohlile. Izikhukhula zikhinyabeza ukukhula komnotho kanye nentuthuko ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu zosizo kanye nokululama okuhambisana nezikhukhula. Ezindaweni ezivame ukugcwala izikhukhula, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwingqalasizinda neminye imisebenzi ethuthukisiwe mancane amathuba okuba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi simo singadala ukucindezeleka okungapheli futhi sikhiqize imithelela ehlala njalo yengqondo.
Izinyathelo okufanele zicatshangelwe uma kuba nezikhukhula
Okokuqala okufanele kucatshangelwe mayelana nezinyathelo zokuvimbela, ngesikhathi noma ngemva kwalezi zikhukhula, ukwazi ubungozi obungase bube khona ngenxa yendawo yendlu yakho noma ibhizinisi noma indawo yokusebenza, lokhu kuzoholela ekubeni ube nohlelo lokuxhumana nomakhelwane noma iziphathimandla zendawo, kanye nohlelo lokukhipha inhlekelele lomndeni wakho kanye nothintwayo ukuze ubamukele uma kunesidingo. Esinye isincomo ukuhlala unolwazi mayelana nezimpawu eziyisixwayiso, imizila yokuphuma, kanye nalapho kukhona izindawo zokukhosela eziphuthumayo.
Vikela ikhaya lakho ngokuvala ugesi, igesi, namanzi ngaphambi kokuba uphume. Kuyadingeka futhi ukusekela izakhiwo ezingazinzile kahle futhi uhlale unesicisha-mlilo. Ukwengeza, zonke izingxenye zikagesi kufanele zibe ubude obufanele, ikakhulukazi ibhokisi lokushintsha, amapulaki namakhebuli, ukuze zibe ngaphezu kwezinga elilinganiselwe lezikhukhula. Ezinhlelweni zokukhipha amanzi, faka ama-valve abuyela emuva ukuze uvikele amanzi ezikhukhula ukuthi angangeni kuwo.
Kuhlala kulula ukuba nekhithi lemikhiqizo yokudla nemithi isilungile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele ulandele imiyalelo uma udinga ukuphuma ngochwepheshe endaweni yakini, kodwa uma unganikezi isaziso esifike ngesikhathi ngenxa yezikhukhula, ukuvikelwa kwempilo kubalulekile. Izikhukhula zingabeka engcupheni yokuminza ngisho noma ukwazi ukubhukuda, ngenxa yomthamo omkhulu wamanzi ahamba ngokushesha ngisho namanzi amile angashoni kungaba yingozi futhi kubangele ukugula.
Gwema amanzi ezikhukhula njengoba aqukethe izinto eziningi ezingaba yingozi empilweni yakho. Lokhu kubandakanya: izintambo zikagesi eziphukile, imfucumfucu yabantu nezilwane, imfucumfucu eyingozi yasendlini, imfucumfucu yezokwelapha neyezimboni, imfucumfucu yomlotha wamalahle engase ibe nezakhi ezibangela umdlavuza njenge-arsenic, i-chromium, ne-mercury, izinto ezibonakalayo ezifana nezinkuni, izimoto, kanye nemfucumfucu, njenge kanye nezilwane zasendle noma ezilahlekile njengamagundane nezinyoka. Konke lokhu kungaholela ezifweni zesilonda, ukuqubuka kwesikhumba, izifo zesisu, i-tetanus, phakathi kwabanye.
Uma ufika ekhaya okokuqala ngemva komcimbi, zama ukubuyela emini, kuhlale kunconywa ukusebenzisa amathoshi asebenza ngebhethri, kunamakhandlela, izibani zegesi noma amathoshi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ungazami ukuvula ukuxhunywa kukagesi ngokushesha ngaphandle kokubheka umonakalo wezikhukhula. Futhi, uma indlu ivaliwe izinsuku ezimbalwa, ngena ngaphakathi kancane ukuze uvule iminyango namafasitela ukuze indlu iphume umoya isigamu sehora ngaphambi kokuba ungene futhi.
Ungadli futhi ukhiphe konke ukudla okuye kwaphazanyiswa amanzi, njengemikhiqizo ebolayo engazange ipholiswe ngokwanele ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamandla; nalabo abanephunga elingavamile, umbala, noma ukuthungwa. Futhi, yiba nochwepheshe bezokulungisa noma wesevisi onolwazi lokuhlanza isikhunta futhi uhlanze isistimu yokushisisa, yokukhipha umoya, neyomoya yendlu yakho ngaphambi kokuyivula. Uma ungenawo ugesi, kungcono ukusebenzisa ijeneretha ephathekayo ukunika amandla zonke izinto zikagesi ezisendlini.
Uma uthande lesi sihloko mayelana nokuthi ziyini izikhukhula futhi ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezinye izihloko ezithakazelisayo, ungabuyekeza izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: